SOCIETY FOR THE PROMOTION OF MOTORING AND ROAD IMPROVEMENT, in 1927-35 voluntary society of assistance to development of a motoring and improvement of roads in the Russian Federation.

AUTOMOBILE TRACK (from avto... And grech. dromos - trot race, a place for trot race), the terrain used for occupations by automobile sport, competitions and education{learning} of motor-men.

GYROPLANE (frants. autogyr, from avto and grech. gyros - a circle, rotation), the flight vehicle, which upward force forms by the bearing screw - a curl rotated loosely, under action of ram air. The gyroplane represents a transition type between an airplane and helicopter. H.Siervoj in 1919 is invented. Many were engaged in development of models of gyroplanes design office up to nach. 1940 gg, now he is used basically in the sporting purposes.

POWER TRUCK (from avto... And English car - the carriage), a dummy car with an internal-combustion engine and a service platform.

AUTOCEPHALOUS CHURCH (from avto... And grech. kephale - a head), in orthodoxy administrative do-it-yourself church.

AUTOCLAVE (from avto... And an armour. clavis - a key), the pressurized apparatus for realization of many physico-chemical processes at heating and a supertension (that picks up speed processes), and also for degermination of medical instruments and dressing materials.

STEAM-CURED MATERIALS, building timbers and items on the basis of a lime, cements and inorganic fillers (napr., a lime sand brick, cellular concrete), exposed to machining in autoclaves (at pressure 0,9-1,6 MPa, temperature 175-200 °C).

SELF-OSCILLATIONS, undamped oscillations, which can exist{breathe} in a vibratory system for want of periodic{batch} external actions (as against forced vibrations) at the expense of availability in system of the active component supplying imminent energy losses in the hardware system. The voltage and the season{term} self-oscillations are determined by properties of the system and do not depend on final change of initial conditions. Examples of self-oscillations - oscillations of a floating lever of hours, skripichnoj catguts at motion of a bow, a current in the radio generator.

AUTOCOLLIMATION (from avto... And collimo, instead of correct an armour. collineo - I refer endways), automatic recurring of the light beam which has left locus of a lens, back to locus if behind a lens the flat mirror strictly perpendicularly to optic axis is located. The optical-mechanical device is based on autocollimations for precise angular measurements - the autocollimator.

AUTOCRACY (from avto... And kratija), the form of government with unlimited uncontrolled sovereignty of one face (tyranny Other. The orient, empire Rome, Byzantium, the absolute monarchies, etc.).

AUTOLYSIS (from avto... And grech. lysis - decomposition, disintegration), an autolytic decomposition of tissues and cells under action of their natural hydrolases. Descends in an organism at a number{series} of physiological processes (a metamorphosis, a fission, etc.), in infarctions, and also at decomposition of corpses. The autolysis of microorganisms is supervised at ageing microbial crop, damage of cells by different agents.

AUTOCHOIR, in the Grecian mythology the son of Hermes and Hiony, grandfather Odisseja. It was glorified by the finesse, ability to reincarnate and do{make} subjects invisible or up to unrecognizability to variate them. Has learned Gerakla to art of extirpation.

AUTOLITHOGRAPHY (from avto... And a lithograph), a lithograph where the plotting on a stone is put by the writer, instead of the master - litograf.

MOTORING-HIGHWAY (from avto... And an armour. magistralis - main), the same, that a traffic way.

The AUTOMATIC CONTROL UNIT, personal rifle automatic weapons. True fire up to 400 m, firing rate can reach 1000 outrigger booms in one minute.

The AUTOMATIC CONTROL UNIT (from grech. automatos - automatic), 1) the device (set{combination} of devices), executing{designing} under the given program without direct sharing{participation} the person all operations during obtaining, transformations{conversions}, drives and distributions (use) of power, materials or informations. The program of the automatic control unit is set in his{its} design (hours, a penny-in-the-slot machine) or from the outside - by means of punched cards, magnetic tapes, etc. (a computer, the software-controlled machine), profiling or simulators (AVM, the servo-mechanism, the interpolator). 2) In cybernetics - mathematical model of the real-life or essentially possible{probable} systems executing transformation{conversion} of a digital information.

AUTOMATION, application of means, economic-mathematical methods and the guidance systems releasing the person in part or completely from direct sharing{participation} during obtaining, transformation{conversion}, drive and use of power, materials or informations. Are automated: 1) technological, power, transport, etc. productions; 2) designing of the composite units, courts, industrial structures, industrial complexes; 3) organization, planning{glide} and steering within the framework of shop, the enterprises, constructions, branches, an army part, connection, etc.; 4) scientific probes, medical and technical diagnosing, the count and machining of statistical data, programming, engineering calculations, etc. The Purpose of automation - a raising the productivity and efficacyy of transactionses, an improvement of the quality of production, optimisation of steering, elimination of the person from activity in conditions, dangerous for health. Automation - one of main routes of technological advance.

The AUTOMIZED GUIDANCE SYSTEM (automatic control system), set{combination} of mathematical methods, means (a computer, a communication facility, display units, etc.) and the organizational complexes ensuring rational steering by the composite object (process) according to a specified goal. The automatic control system will consist of a fundamentals and the functional part. Into the basis{fundamentals} enter information, technical and software. To the functional part attribute a panel of the interdependent programs computerizing concrete control functions (planning{glide}, financial - accounting activity, etc.). Distinguish an automatic control system objects (production processes - ASUTP, the enterprise - ASUP, branch - OASU) and the functional automized systems, napr., designing, calculations, material, etc. maintenance.

The AUTOMIZED JOB (automated workplace), job of the operator, the traffic controller, the designer, the technologist, etc., equipped with a means of computer facilities for automation of processes of a thorough revision and an information display, necessary for fulfilment of a work quota.

AUTOMATISM (fiziol)., ability of a cell, a tissue or an organ to rhythmic, periodic{batch} or aperiodic spontaneous activity without apparent communications{connections} with external inducements (napr., reductions of heart).

AUTOMATICS, 1) range of theoretical and applied{economic} knowledge of automatically operative units and systems. 2) Set{Combination} of mechanisms and the devices which are operating automatically.

The AUTOMATIC TRANSFER LINE, machine systems, the main{basic} and the auxiliary equipment, manufacturing automatically executing{designing} all process or a thorough revision of a product of manufacture or his{its} part. Distinguish automatic transfer lines: special (machining of fixed items), specialized (machining of of the same type production in some range of parameters) and generalpurpose (manufacturing of the broad nomenclature of of the same type production).

AUTOMATIC ROTOR LINE, see. A rotor line.

An AUTOMATIC GUIDANCE SYSTEM, set{combination} of a controlled plant and automatic measuring and control devices in which information processing, formation of commands and their transformation{conversion} to influences on a controlled plant implement without sharing{participation} the person.

AUTOMATIC HOUSE TELEPHONE SYSTEM (ATS), ensures all wanted connections in a voice circuit (without sharing{participation} the person) for organization of negotiations on calling signals from a telephone apparatus.

The AUTOMATIC WEAPONS, fire-arms (machine guns, guns, guns - machine guns, automatic rifles, machine-gun cannons, etc.) in which power of powder gases at an outrigger boom is used for the report a pool (gear) of motion, reloads and manufactures of the alternate outrigger boom. Has appeared in 2-nd floor. 19 century.

AVTOMEDONT (Avtomedon), in the Grecian mythology (for Gomera) voznichy Ahilla.

The AUTOMOBILE{CAR} (from avto... And an armour. mobilis - mobile, easily moving), the transport trackless machine primarily on wheels, set in motion by the natural engine (internal combustion, electrical or steam{vapour}). The first automobile{car} with the steam engine is constructed Z.Kjunjo (France) in 1769-70, with an internal-combustion engine - G.Dajmlerom, K.Benz (Germany) in 1885-86. Rotation from the engine is transmitted to a clutch coupling, a gear box, a differential and sprockets (the master bridge). Automobiles{cars} passenger (automobile and buses), cargo, special (fire fighting, sanitarian, etc.) and racing distinguish. Speed of cars up to 300 km/h, racing up to 1020 km/h (1993), carrying capacity of lorries up to 180 t.

MOTOR INDUSTRY, the branch of a machine industry effecting automobile and lorries (including special destination), buses, trailers, and also their parts, clusters and units. Has arisen in kon. 19 century in France, Germany, the USA, the Great Britain. In Russia the production extension{issue} of automobiles{cars} began from Russko-Baltic factory; in total in 1909-15 it is made over 600 automobiles{cars}. The motor industry is defined by a high level of specialization, broad cooperation, the advanced technology, including application of conveyer assembly. Annually in the world effect 40-45 million automobiles{cars}, from them over 1/4 cargo and buses. Ok. All 1/2 made new automobiles{cars} goes on changing leaving out of operation as a result of wearing or ustarelosti.

The AUTOMOBILE TROOPS, special troops for a logistics flow, evacuations injured, troop movements. In some armies call as a transport troops.

The AUTOMOBILE AND AUTOMOTOR INSTITUTE Central research (US), is based in 1918 in Moscow (up to 1921 laboratory of technological department VSNH). Probes and developments on designing automobiles{cars} and their equipment. With 1989 NPO on motor-vehicles, automobile, tractor and kombajnovym to engines (NPO us).

MOTOR PARK, 1) set{combination} of different automobiles{cars}, haulage trucks, buses and trailers of the enterprise, establishment, department (including in military unit, connection), as a whole in country and in the world. 2) the Specially equipped stowage (parking), supply and maintenance supports of motor-vehicles.

ROAD TRAIN, the automobile{car} with a semitrailer truck, one or several trailers, attached tjagovo-clutch or reference - sellar devices and having general with the automobile{car} a braking system and an electrical equipment. Are cargo, passenger (the bus to the trailer) and special.

AUTOMOBILE SPORT, competitions on racing, sporting, stock cars (races on highway and an automobile track, rally, rounds on establishment Record-type, etc.) and maps - on karting. In International automobile federation (FIA; it is based in 1904) 97 countries (1992). World championships with 1925, Europe with 1935.

MOTOR TRANSPORT, see. The transport.

AVTOMODELIZM, designing and construction of models atomobilej in the technical or sporting purposes.

SELF-SIMILARITY, the special symmetry of physical system consisting in a volume, that change of scales of the explanatory variables circumscribing systems, can be balanced a homothetic transformation (see. Similarities the theory) other dynamic variable. Self-similarity is inherent{intrinsic} in many physical systems and essentially simplifies the description of the phenomena in these systems (napr., in an aeromechanics and an elementary particle physics). See also the Similarity physical, Similarities criteria.

SELF-SIMILAR SPORT, competitions on designing and pattern making of automobiles{cars}, steering of them in a performance trials on special lines{routes}. In European federation of self-similar sport (it is based in 1949) 9 countries (1991). Championships of Europe with 1949. In World organization of self-similar sport (WMCR; it is based in 1979) 11 countries (1992). World championships with 1980.

MOTORAILER (frants. automotrice, characters. - samodvizhushchajasja), a self-propelled railway vehicle with an internal-combustion engine. To a motorailer sometimes hook on 1-2 rail cars.

AUTONYMAS (from avto... And grech. onyma - a name), a genuine name of the writer writing under an alias.

The AUTONOMY, 1) in konstitutsinnom the right - the right of terrain self-contained to execute the government in the limits given her by the constitution. 2) Independence of any scientific or educational establishment - napr., a university autonomy.

AUTONOMY (from avto... And grech. nomos - the law), in ethics - natural regularity, opredeljaemost any the phenomena his{its} internal laws. Contrast of an autonomy - geteronomija.

INDEPENDENT{AUTONOMOUS} ETHICS, see in an item. Ethics.

SELF-SUFFICIENCY of the SHIP{SPACECRAFT}, duration of continuous float of the ship{spacecraft} without restocking; a battle self-sufficiency of the ships{spacecrafts} - duration of continuous management of operations without refill boezapasa (and for aircraft-carriers and aviation fuel). A self-sufficiency of the ships{spacecrafts} of different classes with a routine (non-nuclear) power plant - from 7 till 90 day.

The INDEPENDENT{AUTONOMOUS} ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY, ensures with the electric power the devices irrelevant with power line (LEP). Distinguish independent{autonomous} electric power supplies, structurally consolidated with consumers (accumulator, solar batteries, etc.), and offset type (a mobile electric power station, the railway mobile power plant, etc.).

AVTONOMOV Alexander Isidorovich (1890-1919), the participant of the Civil war; in 1918 commander-in-chief army, armed forces of the Kuban Soviet republic.

The AUTOMATIC OPERATOR (from avto... And an armour. operor - I work), 1) the automatic operator of the rig - the device for automatic changeover of the instrument in the multioperational rig. The supervisory control of a rule{situation;position} of each instrument implements automatically. 2) the Automatic operator of a waterpower plant - the system of automatic devices ensuring feed of a firing command and a shut-down of units of a river plant at change of a mode of their activity owing to change of a head and the charge, and also a load of electrical power system which structure includes a river plant.

The AUTOPILOT (from avto... And frants. pilote - the chief, a leader), the device for an automatic stabilization and flight control of a flight vehicle. Signals of the current and required rules{situations;positions} of the apparatus in the space file in the computing circuit which gives signals to actuators, control control surfaces or a power plant. The autopilot executes{designs} the given mission plan, releasing the pilot from hard work on steering of an airplane in prolonged flights.