The GIGOLO VII (1104-57), king of Castile and Leon with 1126. Has become the sovereign of Aragon, Navarry, Portugal and of some the French terrains (Fua, Komenzh, Monpelje). Successfully participat in Rekonkiste.

GIGOLO X Wise (1221-84), king of Castile and Leon with 1252. Has won from arabs the Sherry, Cadiz, etc. TSentralizatorskaja policy of the Gigolo X has come across resistance znati, in 1282 authorities (to correct his{its} son Sancho has become) have been actually denuded.

The GIGOLO XI (1311-50), king of Castile and Leon with 1312. Self-contained regulations with 1325. Led tsentralizatorskuju policy. In 1348 has emited the charter fixing personal liberty of peasants. Successfully wared against arabs. Has died at osade Gibraltar.

The GIGOLO XIII (1886-1941), king of Spain in 1902-31, from a dynasty of Burbons. It is decrowned in the beginning of Spanish revolution 1931-39.

ALFORS (Ahlfors) Lars (r. 1907), the American mathematician, the foreign member of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; foreign member AN the USSR with 1988). Transactionses on comprehensive analysis.

ALFRED GREAT (Alfred the Great) (ok. 849 - ok. 900), king of an Anglo-Saxon kingdom Wessex with 871. Has aggregated under the authority a number{series} of adjacent Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. At Alfrede Great 1-st are constituted obshcheanglijsky the collection of laws and a part of " the Anglo-Saxon chronicle ".

ALFERI (Alfieri) Vittorio (1749-1803), the italian playwright, the creator of a national tragedy of a classicism. In tracts and tragedies of the political content supported association of Italy, condemning tyranny ("Kleopatra", "Maria Stjuart", "Saul", etc.); the autobiography " Life Vittorio Alfjeri... " (it is issued 1806).

ALGECIRAS (Algeciras), city in the south of Spain, a port on Mediterranean m. of 101 thousand inhabitants (1989). A climatic and balneal health resort. Machining of a fuse, oil processing and petrochemistry; fishery.

ALTSIONA, see. Keik.

"ALTSIONA", the Russian literary almanac emitted in Petersburg in 1831-33 E.F.Rozenom. Among writers of the almanac - And. With Pushkin, V.A.Zhukovsky, P.A.Vjazemsky, E A.Baratynsky, S.P.Shevyrev, V.F.Odoevsky, etc.

ALCHIATI (Alciati) Andrea (1492-1550), the italian jurist and the writer - erudite. The writer of the collection of the "Emblem" becoming the main{basic} source of allegorical motives in fine arts and national crop of Europe of 16-18 centuries.

ALSHVANG Arnold Aleksandrovich (1898-1960), the Russian musicologist and the pianist, the doctor of art criticism. Transactionses on a history of Russian and foreign music.

ALLIANCE (frants. alliance), the union, association (it is routine the states, organizations).

ALLIANCE of SOCIALIST DEMOCRACY, anarchist organization, M.A.Bakuninym in September 1868 in Geneva under the title the International alliance of socialist democracy is built. In 1869 it formally dissolved, but actually kept activity, having entered in 1-st Internatsional as his{its} Geneva section (under the title the Alliance of socialist democracy - the Master section). Has broken up soon after Bakunin elimination from Internatsionala (1872).

ALUMEL, alloy Ni (basis{fundamentals}) with Al, Mn, Si, Co, Zn (in the sum ok. 6 %). High thermoelectric coefficient, a constance of thermoelectric properties. Produce thermocouples chromel - alumel (on working temperatures up to 1000 °C), compensatory wires.

ALUMINATES, chemical combinations of adamant with oxide of other metal. Sodium aluminates NaAlO2 - a mordant at a staining of tissues. Aluminates of calcium Ca (AlO2) 2 - a main constituent part of a rapid-setting alumina cement, YAlO3 - a laser material spinels (aluminates of metals of II group) use in manufacture of refractories as semiprecious stones.

ALUM, crystallohydrates of double salts such as MAl (SO4) 2.12H2O, where M - singly charged cation (napr., To +, Na +, NH4 +, etc.). Colourless crystals, well water soluble. Apply at a staining of tissues, a tanning, water treating, in medicine. See. Alum natural.

ALUMINIUM ORE, rocks, raw material for obtaining aluminium. Basically bauxites; to aluminium ores concern also nefelinovye sienity, alunitovye, nepheline - apatitovye of breed, etc.

ALUMINIUM (an armour. Aluminium, from alumen - alum), Al, a chemical element of III group of a periodic system, atomic number 13, atomic weight 26,98154. Siver-white metal, mild (2,7 g / sm3), flexible, with high electric conductivity, tïë 660 °S. It is reactive (on air it is covered with a protective oxide layer). On natural occurrence takes 4 place among elements and 1 among metals (8,8 % from mass of earth crust). Some hundreds minerals of aluminium (aluminosilicate, bauxites, alunites, etc.) are known. Receive an electrolysis of alumina Al2Î3 in a melt of cryolite Na3AlF6 at 950 °S. Apply in aircraft, construction (a structural material, predominary by the way alloys with other metals), the electrical engineer (a replacer of copper at manufacturing cables, etc.), a food-processing industry (foil), metallurgy (addition element), aluminothermies, etc.

ALJUMINIJORGANICHESKIE CONNECTIONS, contain in a molecule atom of aluminium, directly the bound with carbon. Are known aljuminijorganicheskie connections such as R3Al, R2AlX, RAlX2, where R - an organic radical, X - halogen, hydrogen or OR. Aljuminijorganicheskie connections - components of catalysts (t. n. Ziegler catalysts - natty) synthesis of stereoregular polymers.

ALUMINIZING, the same, that an alitizing.

ALUMINIUM OXIDE (alumina), Al2O3, colourless water-insoluble crystals, tïë 2044 °S. Receive from bauxites, nephelines, a caolin, alunites. Raw material in manufacture of aluminium, the catalyst, adsorbent, refractory and abrasive. See also Emery, Ruby, Sapphire.

ALUMINIUM the SULPHATE, Al2 (SO4) 3, colourless crystals. Solves in water. Apply to the same purposes, as alum.

ALUMINIUM FLUORIDE, AlF3, colourless crystals. Badly solves in water. Is part of an electrolyte for obtaining and clearing of aluminium.

ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE, AlCl3, colourless crystals. Solves in water. The catalyst in organic synthesis and at petroleum refining, a reactant for an activated sludge process, wood processings.

ALJUMINOZ, the professional pneumokoniosi, is stipulated by influence of a dust of aluminium and his{its} connections.

ALUMINOTHERMY (from aluminium and grech. therme - heat, heat), obtaining of metals and alloys restoration of oxides of metals by aluminium which is accompanied by secretion of a fair quantity of heat (see. A metallothermy).

" ALJUMINUM KOMPANI OF AMERICA " (Aluminum Company of America), the aluminium company the USA. It is based in 1888. Sales volume 9,8 billion dol., a net profit 861 million dol., smelting of aluminium 1,2 million t, figure occupied in 59 thousand person (kon. 1980th).

ALUMINOGEL, microporous body. Receive drying of a jelly of oxyhydroxide of aluminium; apply in technique as adsorbent, the carrier of catalysts.

ALJUMOGIDRIDY, chemical combinations such as M [AlH4] n, where M - metal in oxidation state n. Solid matters, are decomposed by water with secretion Í2. Are applied as reducing agents, mother substances in synthesis of hydrides and to preparation of catalysts of hydrogenation.

ALUMINOSILICATE, group porodoobrazujushchih minerals of a class of silikates; alumosilicic connections with cations of alkali metals (field spars, micas, minerals of clays, etc.).

ALUMOTRINITROTOLUENE, water-resistant explosive, granular mixture of molten trotyl with a powder of aluminium. Heat of explosion of 5,3-5,6 MDZH/KG. Apply by the open activities in encroached proof breeds.

ALJUTORSKY TONGUE, tongue aljutortsev, a small nationality{national character} in the Russian Federation (number ok. 3 thousand person, 1992), on north-east a shore p-ova Kamchatka, falls into to the chukotsko-Kamchatka family paleoaziatskih tongues.

ALASKA (Alaska), a bay Quiet ok. For coasts the Sowing. America, between p-ovom Alaska and mainland. Width for an orifice more than 2200 kms. Depth up to 4929 m. In Alaska - archipelagoes Kadiaks, Alexander and island of Queen Charlotte. Main ports: Sjuard, Prins-Rupert.

ALASKA, peninsula in northwest the Sowing. America (the USA, pieces. Alaska), between Ivory a hall. Beringova m. and Quiet ok. Length of 700 kms, width of 10-170 kms. It is occupied basically Aleutian hr. Mountain tundra.

ALASKA, staff the USA, in northwest the Sowing. America. 1519 thousand êì2. The population of 599 thousand person (1993). Adm. ts. - Juneau. An aboriginal population - Indians, eskimos, aleuts. In 17-18 centuries it is open{discovered} Russian zemleprohodtsami, basing a number{series} of settlements, 1 - in 1780th. In 1799 the Russian-American company with the right of exclusive use by crafts and minerals is built. In 1867 Alaska has been sold by imperial government the USA, up to 1884 in management of the military ministry the USA, in 1884-1912 district, then terrain, about 1959 staff the USA.

ALASKA RANGE, in the south of Alaska, in system of Cordilleras the Sowing. America (USA). Length ok. 1000 kms. An altitude up to 6193 m (. A poppy - Kinli). Coniferous forests, mountain tundra. Icehouses.

ALJASKINSKOE FLOW, warm current in a north-east part Quiet ok.; boreal branch of Severo-pacific flow.

ALJASKIT, an intrusive sour rock; the granite keeping less 5 % of colour minerals. For the first time it is found on p-ove Alaska (from here the title).

AMAUROSIS (from grech. amauros - dark, blind), the same, that blindness.

AMAGASAKI, city and port in Japan, on about. Honshu. 498 thousand inhabitants (1991). Large industrial suburb Osaka. Metallurgy, a machine industry; chemical, etc. an industry.

AMADEJ SAVOJSKY (Amadeo de Saboya) (1845-90), king of Spain in 1870-73; it is selected kortesami during Spanish revolution 1868-74; in conditions{situation} of acute political crisis has abdicated.

AMADIES (Amadeus), drainless salinous ephemerical lake, in a central part of Australia. Ok. 8700 êì2.

AMADU (Amado) Georges (r. 1912), the Brazilian writer. In the social - revolutionary novel - dilogii " Boundless grounds " (1943) and "City Ilheus" (1944), " Red shoots " (1946), " the Underground of freedom " (1952), etc., stories, stories has transmitted power and originality of the Brazilian national character. Novels " Recurring of the lascivious daughter " (1977), " the Military single-breasted coat, the academic uniform, a nightshirt " (1979). Art biographies. The international Lenin premium (1951).

AMAZONAS (Amazonas), staff in northwest of Brazil, in bass. r. Amazon. 1567,9 thousand êì2. The population 2,1 million person (1991). Adm. ts. - Manaus.

AMAZONITE (amazonian stone), mineral, version of microcline, colored ions of lead in bluish-green or green colour. In pegmatitah, granites. An ornamental stone.

The AMAZON, a coat frock for a horseback riding.

The AMAZON (Amazonas), the river in JUzh. To America, basically in Brazil, the greatest on liquid water content in the world. Length from a main headstream r. Maranjon 6,4 thousand in km, from a headstream r. Ucayali over 7 thousand in km. The area of basin of 7180 thousand êì2. Runs in Atlantic ok. St. 500 inflow (ok. In 20 length over 1500 kms): Ucayali, Madiera, Tapajos, Xingu, Isa, Japura, to the Riu-Negro, etc. Average discharge of water of 220 thousand m3 / with. Inflows are distributed to 1400 kms from a mouth. It is navigable on 4300 kms. Primary ports: Iquitos, Manaus, Obidus, Santaren, Is whitewashed. In the rivers bass. Amazon up to 2000 kinds{views} of fishes.

AMAZONS, in the Grecian mythology people of women - voitelnits living in M.Azii or in piedmonts of Caucasus. Entered close relations with men only for conservation of a stem (the born boys referred or slayed, girls abandoned).