ABELAM (self-title), Papuan people in Papua - New Guinea. Number of 70 thousand person (1992). Tongue abelam. Believers - roman catholics, protesters, the part holds on to traditional convictions.

ABELIAN Harry Izrajlevich (r. 1928), the Russian immunologist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; corresponding member AN the USSR with 1987). Has discovered synthesis embrionalnogo protein (-ôåòîïðîòåèíà) tumours. Probes on development of fundamental theory of an immunodiagnosis in an oncology. The state premium of the USSR (1978).

ABELS, the official title of. Objaljaj in Lithuania up to 1917.

ABELL (Abell) Kjell (1901-61), the danish playwright. Filosofsko-symbolical anti-fascist plays: a comedy " the Lost melody " (1935), "Anna Sofi Hedvig" (1939), "Silkeborg" (1946). Proniknutye pessimism of a drama " Lady with camellias " (1959), "Cry" (1961).

ABEL (Abel) Nils Henrik (1802-29), the Norwegian mathematician. Has proved, that algebraic equations of a degree are higher than 4-th generally are insoluble in radicals. Studied integrals from algebraic functions (Abelian integrals). One of creators of the theory of elliptic functions. The writer of the first activity on integral equations. Transactionses on a number theory and numbers{series}.

ABEL Otenio (1875-1946), the Austrian paleontologist, foreign corresponding member AN the USSR (1927). Transactionses on a technique of paleontologic probes, zoopaleontology.

ABEL Rudolf Ivanovich (an ice-film. fam. And a name Fisher William Genrihovich) (1903-71), the scout, the colonel. With 1927 in organs of a state security of the USSR. In 1957 it arrested in the USA and it is sentenced by the American court to 30 years of convict prison. In 1962 has returned to the USSR as a result of an exchange on American pilot F.Powers, slewed 1.05.1960 in the Soviet airspace.

ABEL F.O., see. F.O.Ejbel.

ABELJAN Ovanes Artemjevich (1865-1936), the Armenian actor, the national actor of Armenia and Azerbaijan (1932), the Hero of Transactionses (1932). On the scene with 1882, with 1925 at the Armenian theatre him{it}. Sundukjana.

ABAILARD (Abelard, Abailard) Pierre (1079-1142), the French philosopher, the theologian and the poet. In spore on a nature universaly has advanced the doctrine called later as conceptualism. Developed scholastic dialectic (the composition " And no "). A rationalistic directivity of ideas of Abailard (" I perceive to believe ") has called the protest of orthodox church circles: the doctrine of Abailard has been convicted by cathedrals 1121 and 1140. The tragical history of love of Abailard to Eloize is described in the autobiography of " the History of my disasters ".

ABENDROT (Abendroth) Hermann (1883-1956), the german conductor. In 1934-45 chief of orchestra Gevandhauza in Leipzig, then symphonic orchestras in Weimar, etc. Went on tour in Russia (with 1925). It is known as the interpretive program of music of L.Beethoven, I.Brams, A.Bruknera.

ABEOKUTA (Abeokuta), city on a southwest of Nigeria, an administrative centre pieces. Ogun. 396 thousand inhabitants (1993) Thorough revision of vegetables and fruits. A handicraft work of tissues, paints.

ABERDEEN (Aberdeen), city in the Great Britain, in Scotland, an administrative centre to Grampian. A port and the organizational centre of area of oil fields on Boreal m. of 217 thousand inhabitants (1988). Fish-processing, chemical, a shipbuilding industry. University. Construction from granite and marble (t. n. " Granite city "), including a Gothic cathedral (1336-1522). In 12-14 centuries a residence of the Scottish kings.

ABERDEEN (Aberdeen) (Abedeen) George Gamilton Gordon (1784-1860), the prime minister of the Great Britain in 1852-55; one of leaders tori, with 1850 - pilitov. In 1854 government of Aberdeen has declared war Russia.

ABERRATION (an armour. aberratio - deflexion), 1) deviance... 2) the Optical aberrations, the image errors called neidealnostju of an optical system: the plotting not quite clearly, inaccurately corresponds{meets} to object or is painted{pigmented}. Distinguish geometrical (a spherical aberration, a coma, an astigmatism, curvature of an image field, a distortion), a chromatic and diffraction aberration. 3) Light aberrations in astronomy - a veering of a light ray because of motion of a source and the light detector from each other. Light aberrations invokes{produces} offset of a visible rule{situation;position} of a heavenly body on celestial sphere. 4) Electron-optical aberration, the same, that election-optical aberrations. 5) Aberrations chromosome, the same, that chromosome rearrangements.

ABERT (Abert) Hermann (1871-1927), the german musicologist. Probes on antique and medieval music, a history of opera; the monography about V.A.Mozart.

ABZHALILOV Halil Galeevich (1896-1963), the tatar actor, the national actor of the USSR (1957). On the scene with 1916, with 1928 at the Tatar theatre him{it}. Kamal (Kazan).

The PARAGRAPH (a nem. Absatz), 1) an indent in an initial line of the text. 2) the Part of the text (the composite syntactical whole), representing semantic unity and secreted with an indent in 1-st line.

OVERBURDEN STRIPPER (a nem. Absetzer), a chain chain-bucket excavator for pereukladki mild and scalls in dumps.

ABZU (Apsu), in shumero-akkadskoj mythologies world ocean of the fresh waters ambient ground; in the babylonian cosmogonic epos " Enuma elish " Abzu it is represented as chaos from which there was a ground and the root.

ABYDOS (grech., sovr. Arabet-el-Madfunah, the ARE), drevneegipetsky city, the religious centre, a place of honoring of gods of a next world, especially Osirisa. The necropolis and temples were saved.

ABINSK, city (with 1963) in the Russian Federation, Krasnodar kr. ZHeleznorozhnaja station. 30 thousand inhabitants (1992). A flavoring industry, lesomebelnyj combine, manufacture of a building materials. Bliz Abinska - a crude production.

ABIOGENES (from and - a negative prefix, a biot... And... A genesis), education of the organic compounds distributed in wildlife, outside of an organism without sharing{participation} ferments. In a broad sense an abiogenes - originating alive from nonliving, i.e. an initial{a starting} hypothesis of the modern theory of an origin of life. In it is grey. 20 century abiogenous synthesis belkovopodobnyh and other organic substances in the conditions replicating conditions of the virgin Earth experimentally is carried out.

ABYSS (from grech. abyssos - bottomless), the abyssal zone of a seabed conforming to an ocean floor (depth over 3000 ì), with rather weak motility of water, a constant temperature (is lower 2 °S), almost full absence of light. The fauna is hardly depauperated compared with other zones (see also the Litoral, the Sublittoral, the Bathyal).

ABYSSAL ADJOURNMENTS, the most abyssal modern marine and oceanic rainfall (predominary calcareous and siliceous oozes, an abyssal red clay), depositing in a zone of an abyss.

ABYSSAL PLAINS, abyssal flat or hilly plains of oceanic hollows and hollows of marginal seas.

ABYSSINIA, the informal title of Ethiopia used in past and sometimes meeting in modern foreign literature.

ABISSINIAN MOUNTAINS, the obsolete title of Ethiopian highlands.

The ENTRANT (from novolat. abituriens - going to leave), in the majority of countries - ending a mean educational institution. In Russia (it is conventional) - acting{going} in higher educational establishment.

ABIH (Abich) Wilhelm German (Hermann Vilgelmovich) (1806-86), the geologist. By origin the German. In 1841-76 the academician (1853), the honorary member (1866) Petersburg AN worked in Russia. Studied icehouses, a geologic structure and mineral wealths of Caucasus and Iran.

ABKAJK, an oil deposit in Saudi Arabia (see. Persian gulf oil-and-gas-bearing basin.) It Is open{discovered} in 1940. Beginning inventories 1,21 billion t. Firmness of petroleum of 0,88 g / sm3. The main{basic} centre of production-. Abkajk. An oil pipeline up to the Coalfish and Ras Tanura.

ABKIN Abram Davydovich (1903-83), Russian fizikohimik, the Doctor of Chemistry (1952). The honored worker of science of Russia (1974). The main{basic} transactionses are dedicated study of the mechanism of polymerizating processes. Has developed the quantitative theory of copolymerisation (1951). Has created an original method of obtaining of polyacrylamide. Has discovered (1980) photosensitized polymerization. The lenin premium (1980).

ABLAJ (? - 1781), the Kazakh khan of Mean zhuza (with 1771). Has subordinated a part of the Higher zhuza and some stems of Kirghizia. In 1740 has was naturalized Russian citizenship.

ABLACTATION (from an armour. ablacto - I take away the child from a breast), a way of an inoculation; merging it is shoot plants growing by a number{series} (apple trees, pears, a grape); after full knitting a scion abjoint from a female plant.

ABLAUT (a nem. Ablaut) (apofonija), alternations{sequences} vocal in structure of one morpheme, quite often prominent in the capacity of an internal flexion. Napr., English sing - sang - sung, rus. "To collect" - "tax".

ABLESIMOV Alexander Onisimovich (1742-83), the Russian writer. The libretto of comic opera " the Miller - the sorcerer, the deceiver and the matchmaker " (1779; M.M.Sokolovsky music), a fable, satirical verses.

ABLATION (from pozdnelat. ablatio - otnjatie), 1) ablation of substances from a solid surface a torrent of hot gas (by erosion, melting away, a sublimation). Protection of space vehicles and nose cones of launchers can be based on ablations at atmospheric entry, and also refrigerating of chambers of jet engines. 2) the Degrowth of an icehouse or a snow mantle as a result of melting and the vaporizations, dependent primarily from climatic factors.

ABO (Abo), the Swedish title of the Finnish Turku.

ABOV Jury Georgievich (r. 1922), the Russian physics - experimenter, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; corresponding member AN the USSR with 1987). Probes in range of a nuclear physics: has discovered weak coupling of nucleones in nucleus. The lenin premium (1974).

ABOVJAN (up to 1963 seconds. Elar), city in Armenia. A depot. 58,7 thousand inhabitants (1990). Factories: biochemical drugs, reinforced concrete constructions, etc.; furniture factory. It is called named H.Abovjana. Bliz Abovjana - health resort Arzni.

ABOVJAN Hachatur (1809-48), the Armenian writer, the educator - democrat, the founder of the new Armenian literature and a new literary language, the teacher, the ethnographer. The main{basic} product{creation}: " Wounds of Armenia " (1841, it is issued 1858) - the first Armenian society novel dedicated liberation extirpation of Armenian people in the season{term} of the russko-Iranian war 1826 - 28; novels, plays, stories, stories, verses, a fable, pedagogical compositions, products{creations} for children.

ABOLITIONISM (from an armour. abolitio - destruction, cancellation), in kon. 18-19 centuries in the USA motion for cancellation of servitude of Negros; in the Great Britain, France and a number{series} of other countries motion for cancellation of servitude in colonys.

The SUBSCRIPTION (frants. abonnement), the right of use something on fixed time (a mestome at theatre, a roller, the earphone, etc.), and also the document granting this right. The subscription library - granting to readers of the right of use of products{creations} of a seal{printing} outside of the library during fixed time.

The SUBSCRIBER (from frants. abonner - to be signed), the face (establishment, organization), using by the subscription.

BOARDING (frants. abordage, from bord - a side of a vessel), a way of a conduct of combat the rowing and sailing ships{spacecrafts} (till 19 century); coupling of the attacking ship{spacecraft} with enemy for his{its} capture in hand-to-hand I fight.

NATIVES (from an armour. ab origine - from the beginning), people in Other. Italy. Under the legend, to Italy they were reduced by Saturn. Named tsar the Latina become to call as latinas (latinjanami), their country - Latsiumom. On party Eneja wared against the Tourne. On ground of natives - latinov Rome has been constructed. In more serotinal{later} use native born inhabitants (people, animal, plants) any terrain, country. In biology it is used more often is used the term autochtons.

ABOSKY the NONPREDATORY TRACT, has finished the russko-Swedish war 1741-43 [is signed on August, 18 1743 in Abo (nowadays Turku), Finland]. Has confirmed conditions Nishtadtskogo of the world (1721), has placed{installed} the russko-Swedish border{limit} on r. Kjumene. To Russia the part of Finland has departed.