ALTAI, city in Mongolia, an administrative centre Gobi-Altay ajmaka. 13 thousand inhabitants. Mild, a food-processing industry.

ALTAI (Republic Altai) in structure of the Russian Federation. It is derivated 1.6.1922 as Ojrotskaja avt. The region 7.1.1948 is renamed in Mountain - Altay avt. The region, in 1991 is converted to Mountain - Altay SSR, in 1992 - in Republic Altai. 92,6 thousand êì2. The population of 196,6 thousand person (1991), urban 27 %; altaians, Russian, Kazakhs. 1 city - Gorno-Altaisk (centre), 2 urban settlements (1991). A large part of terrain - mountains of Altai an altitude up to 4506 m (. A white grampus). Mean temperatures of January from-12 up to-32 °S, July 9-18 °S. A rainfall from 100 (in intermountain hollows) up to 1000 mm annually. The rivers - bass. Ob; large lake - Teletskoe. Woods take 1/4 terrains. The Altay reservation. An industry: wood, wood-working, mild, alimentary and a building materials. There is an electrical industry. Production of mineral building timbers. The main{basic} branch of an economy - animal husbandry (sheeps, goats, a large horned stock, horses, yaks), cultivate marals and East deers. Beekeeping. A trapping. Crops of feed and grain crops. The main{basic} transport main - CHujsky a tract. Gornoklimatichesky health resort CHemal.

The ALTAY TONGUES, the hypothetical macrofamily of tongues integrating of 3 tongue families: Turkic, Mongolian, tunguso-manchurian. Some scientists fall into to the Altay tongues also Japanese and Korean tongues. About an origin and an alliance of the Altay tongues there are miscellaneous hypotheses. The title " the Altay tongue " use sometimes and for notation of tongues of peoples living on Altai, - Altay, Khakass, Tuva, etc.

The ALTAY RESERVATION, in Republic Altai. It is based in 1932. The area ok. 882 thousand ga. In terrain Teletskoe an eskar. A taiga from a larch, cedar forests, Alpine meadows, mountain tundra. A sable, a brown bear, a maral, etc.

ALTAY TERRITORY, in the Russian Federation. 169,1 thousand êì2. The population of 2654 thousand person (1991), urban 58 %. 11 cities. 30 urban settlements (1991.) Center - Barnaul. Takes a part of Altai and accumbent to it{him} in a north of a part of West Siberian plain. Mean temperatures of January-19 °C, July 19 °C. A rainfall of 150-200 mm annually (in mountains up to 1500-3000 mm). The rivers bass. Ob. An industry: a machine industry, chemical and petrochemical, mild (textile), alimentary, mining (complex ores, gold, mercury, etc.). A large grain husbandry (primarily wheat). Crops of sugar-beet, sunflower, a flux, a hemp; cultivate a potato, vegetables. A fruit growing. Cattle breeding, primarily dairy - meat. A poultry breeding. Beekeeping. Hunting of fur animals. From Biisk to Mongolia goes CHujsky a tract. Navigation across Ob.

The ALTAY UNIVERSITY, Barnaul, is based in 1973. Plots experts on physical, mathematical, chemical, biological sciences, philologies, to the right, economy, a history. Ok. 5 thousand students (1991).

The ALTAY TONGUE (ustar. ojrotsky), falls into to Turkic tongues. Writing on the basis of the Russian alphabet.

ALTAIANS (the self-title - altaj-kizhi), people in Republic Altai (59 thousand person). Number in the Russian Federation 69 thousand person (1992). Are divided on ethnographic groups: altaj-kizhi, telengity, telesy, teleuty, tubalary, chelkantsy, kumandintsy. Tongue Altay. Believers - orthodox, a part baptists; traditional convictions are saved.

" ALTAN TOBCHI ", " Altan tovch " (characters. - a golden button, the golden canopy), the Mongolian annals of 17 century, a historical and literary monument.

ALTAR (an armour. altaria, from altus - high), a table of oblation; originally a place for immolations in the open air. In Other. Greeces and Rome - separate structures; in Christian temples - tables ("holy tables") for administering the Sacrament, in roman catholic - the decorative walls. An altar call also all eastern part of a temple, separabled altarnoj as a barrier{a working against}, and in orthodox temples from 14-15 centuries - an iconostas.

ALTAUZEN Jack (Jacob) Moiseevich (1907-42), the Russian poet. In poems " the Feelerless enthusiast " (1929) and "Firstgeneration" (1933) - geroizatsija everyday lives of the first five-tap holes. Has perished at the front.

MALLOW, stem of grasses of a set malvovyh. Ok. 12 kinds{views}, in Eurasia. A root of a mallow medicinal use in medicine and a veterinary science.

" ALTUN JARUK " (" Golden luster "), the full title " Irradiant golden luster, above all the extolled tsar - book ", a monument drevneujgurskoj writings of 10 century, transfer{translation} Buddhist verouchitelnogo compositions from the Chinese tongue.

ALTOONA (Altoona), city on the orient the USA, pieces. Pennsylvania. 52 thousand inhabitants (1990). A large railway junction. A railway machine industry. University. A museum of a railway construction.

ALTUNJAN Tatul Tigranovich (1901-73), the Armenian choral conductor, the national actor of the USSR (1965). The founder and the artistic administrator of the State chapel of Armenia, Band Armenian national songs and dancings and Chapels of a choral society of Armenia. The professor of the Yerevan conservatory (with 1971). The state premium of the USSR (1950).

ALTUKHOV Jury Petrovich (r. 1936), Russian genetics, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; corresponding member AN the USSR with 1990). Transactionses in range population, evolutionary and biochemical genetics. Theoretically and experimentally has justified new approaches to conservation and intelligent use of biological resources.

THREE-COPECKS PIECE (from tat. The three-copecks piece - gold), an arcaded Russian coin and schetno-monetary unit from 15 century 1 three-copecks piece is peer to 6 Moscow or 3 Novgorod money (Novgorod money the copeck has received later the title); the title "pjatialtynnyj" for a 15-cheap coin was saved. In 1654 are exhausted copper, in 1704 - silver three-copecks pieces. In 1841-1916 copper and silver three-copecks pieces were pinched out.

THREE-COPECKS PIECE - DEPE (Three-copecks piece - tepe), gorodishche epoch of bronze (3-2-Ñ one thousand up to n. e.) for a seconds. Meana in the south Turkmenii. Residues of inhabited, craft, cult quarters, a pyramidal tower; burials.

ALTYNSARIN Ibraj (1841-89), the Kazakh teacher - educator, the writer, the specialist in folklore, the ethnographer. The first teacher - Kazakh. Under initiative Altynsarina the Kazakh schools with education{learning} on the native language are open{discovered}. The writer of tutorials native and Russian for Kazakh children.

ALTIN TAGH, mountains in the west of China, disjoint Tarimskuju and TSajdamskuju hollows. Length of 800 kms, an altitude up to 6161 m. Icehouses. Deserts and semideserts.

ALTYNTU, a backbone on Altai, to the west from Teletskogo an eskar. Length of 70 kms, an altitude of 2361 m. Dark coniferous (chernevaja) a taiga.

ALUKSNE (up to 1917 official title Marienburg), city in Latvia, on coast an eskar. Aluksne, in 49 kms from zh.-d. An item. Gulbene. 10,9 thousand inhabitants (1989). Shop of Riga software VEF, etc. The Enterprises. It is known with 1285.

ALUNANS Adolf (1848-1912), the Latvian actor, the producer, the playwright. On the scene with 1866. The organizer of the first national theatre (1870, Riga). The writer of comedies, including "Homebred" (1869), " who chanted late at night " (1888), dramas.

ALUNANS JUris (1832-64), the Latvian poet and the public figure, the initiator of national written poetry (collection "Pesenki", 1856).

ALUND (from English alundum), in a technical publications the USA the title of alundum.

ALUR (the self-title - zhoalur), nilotsky people in Zaire (450 thousand person) and Uganda (300 thousand person, 1992). Tongue dho alur. Hold on to traditional convictions.

ALUR-SETAR (Alor Setar), city in Malaysia, on p-ove Malacca, an administrative centre pieces. Gym shoes. 72 thousand inhabitants (1980). The commercial and industrial centre of rice-growing area.

The ALPHABET in programming, system irresolvable, confidently distinguishable from each other numerals (characters, digits, punctuation marks, etc. numerals), programming languages used for construction.

The ALPHABET (from the title of the first two characters of the Grecian alphabet: an alpha and a beta, modern-greek - vita), set{combination} of characters, the syllabic marks, etc. graphemes of the given system of the letter, located in the fixed order.

ALPHAEUS Kapernaumsky (1 century), apostle from 70-òè, father of apostles of James Alfeeva and the evangelist of Matthew (gospels Marcan 2:14; the gospel of St. Matthew 10:3). Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on January, 4 (17) and on May, 26 (on June, 8).

ALPHAEUS Katalitsky (Kalitsky) (mind{wit}. In nach. 4 century), the Christian martyr, the smith damaged in persecution of emperor Diokletiana. Memory{remembrance} in Orthodox and in the Latin church on September, 28.

ALFER (from aluminium and an armour. Ferrum - iron), magnetically soft alloy Fe (basis{fundamentals}) and Al (~13 %). Produce primarily electro-acoustic (magnetostrictive) transducers.

ALFYOROV Zhores Ivanovich (r. 1930), Russian physics, the academician of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; academician AN the USSR 1979), the vice-president of the Russian Academy of Science (with 1991; vice-president AN the USSR with 1990). The chairman of Presidium of the Leningrad (St.-Petersburg) centre of science of the Russian Academy of Science with 1989. Transactionses on semiconductors, heterojunctions and devices on their basis{fundamentals}. The lenin premium (1972), the State premium of the USSR (1984).

ALFYOROV Nikolay Semenovich (1917 - 82), the Russian architect, the national architect of the USSR (1978), corresponding member AN the USSR (1979). Worked in Sverdlovsk; band of historico-revolutionary square (1974).

ALFYOROV Irina Ivanovna (r. 1951), the Russian actress, the deserved actress of Russia (1993). With 1972 in Moskovsk theatre him{it}. Lenin Komsomol (with 1991 - "Lenkom"). At kino with 1972. It was taken out in films: "Vasily Buslaev" (1982), " the Person with an accordion " (1985), " Night entertainments " (1991), TV movies "Purgatory", " is authorized to declare TASS... ", etc.

ALFIMOV Michael Vladimirovich (r. 1937), Russian fizikohimik, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; corresponding member AN the USSR with 1981). The main{basic} transactionses in range of photochemistry, besserebrjanoj photos. Has justified a capability of building of highly sensitive - luminescent photographic materials.

ALHANCHURTSKAJA the VALLEY, tectonic kickdown between Terskim and Sunzhenskim hr. To Ciscaucasia. Length of 110 kms, width up to 10 kms.

ALCHEMY (pozdnelat. alchimia), donauchnoe a direction in development of chemistry. Having arisen in Egypt (3-4 centuries n. e.), has received especially a wide circulation in Zap. To Europe (11-14 centuries). A main purpose of alchemy - presence t. n. " A philosophical stone " for metamorphosis{transformation} of basic metals into gold and silver, obtaining of an elixir of longevity, the generalpurpose solvent, etc. The Positive role of alchemy - in discovering or improvement (during search of a miracle means) ways of obtaining of practical valuable products (mineral and vegetative paints, glasses, enamels, metal alloys, acids, alkalis, salt), and also in development of some methods of a laboratory engineering (distillation, sublimation, etc.).

ALCHEVSK (in 1931-61 Voroshilovsk, in 1961-92 Kommunarsk), city on Ukraine, Lugansk region. A depot. 126 thousand inhabitants (1989). Integrated iron-and-steel works, cokery, etc. Mountain - metallurgical institute. Historical, geologo-mineralogical museums. Has arisen in 1825.

ALCHEVSKAJA Hristina Alekseevna (1882-1931), the Ukrainian poetess and the teacher. Daughter H.D.Alchevskoj. Lyrics (collections of verses " Melancholy on the sun ", 1907; to " my edge{boundarouse} ", 1914; "Waking", 1917) has reflected revolutionary moods.

ALCHEVSKAJA Hristina Danilovna (1841-1920), the Ukrainian teacher - educator. With 1862 organizer of sunday schools on Ukraine. The co-author of bibliographic transactionses " What to read to people? " (3 volumes, 1888-1906). The founder of a technique of education{learning} to the letter adult.

ALCHEVSKY Ivan Alekseevich (1876-1917), the singer (the lyrico-dramatic tenor). With 1910 in Major and simultaneously Mariinsk theatres. Has become famous for performance{fulfillment} of a consignment of Hermann ("Queen of spades" P.I.Chajkovskogo).

ALCHEDAR (Alcedar), gorodishche tivertsev 6 - nach. 12 centuries for like village in Moldova. Strengthening, home units, workshops and so forth.

ALYKULOV Barpy (1884-1949), the Kirghiz poet - akyn. The master of the poetic form; follower Toktogula. Oblichitelno-satirical products{creations}, including a poem about heavy domination for Kirghiz Kokandskogo hanstva. Skazyval also the national epos.

SHERRY - PLUM (tkemali), a tree of a stem a plum, a fruit crop. Cultivate in countries of Asia. In edible fruits (process also on jam, compotes, etc.) organic acids, Saccharum, redoxons, Â1, Â2, etc. Productivity 8-10 (up to 40) kg from a tree. A seedling for plums, a peach, etc.

"AL-AHRAM" see "Ahram".

ALBIAN STAGE (Alba) Alvares de Toledo Fernando (1507-82), duke, the spanish commander, the governor of Netherlands (historical) in 1567-73. Attempted to suppress the Netherlands revolution. In 1580 has conquered Portugal.