AVERKY Ierapolsky (mind{wit}. ok. 167), diocesan Ierapolsky (in Phrygia), ravnoapostolnyj, chudotvorets. Preached in Syria, Mesopotamia and M.Azii. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on October, 22 (on November, 4).

AVERN (lake Avernijskoe), lake in Campania (Italy), sovr. Averno. In an antiquity was considered as one of orifices in Aid.

AVERROIZM, a direction in Western-European philosophy of 13-16 centuries, developing ideas Ibn Rushda (Averroesa) about eternity and nesotvorennosti the world, about unified, general for all people world reason as substantsialnoj to the basis{fundamentals} personal a shower (denial of their immortality from here followed), and also the doctrine about dual true. Has arisen at the Parisian university, stood up to{countered;resisted} as avgustianstvu, and to thomism. Has been convicted by a latin church. The main representative - Siger Brabant (see also Paduanskaja school).

AVERROES, see Ibn Rushd.

AVERS (frants. avers, from an armour adversus - versed a face), a front face of a coin or a medal.

AVERCHENKO Arcady Timofeevich (1881-1925), the Russian writer. In stories, plays and feuilletons (collections " Cheerful oysters ", 1910, " About good in effect people ", 1914; stories " Podhodtsev and two other ", 1917) - the comical plotting of the Russian household activities and tempers. After 1917 in emigration. The book of pamphlets " in a spin of revolution " (1921) satirically anthemed Dozen knives new build in Russia and its{her} leaders. The comic novel " the Joke of the patron of art " (1925).

"AVESTA", drevneiransky a religious monument; in zoroastrizme collection of sacred books. "Avesta" has arisen, probably, in 1-st floor. 1-st thousand up to n. e. Text "Avesty" is codified at Sasanidah (3-7 centuries). Contains the canopy of religious and legal instructions, prayful canticles, hymns zoroastrijskim to godhoods. Actuates many mythological elements.

AVESTSKY TONGUE (avestijsky), a literary language on which it is written "Avesta". Falls into indoevropejskoj to family of tongues (the Iranian group). Dead tongue. It is used in worship service for adherents zoroastrizma.

AVETISJAN Avet Markosovich (1897-1971), the Armenian actor, the national actor of the USSR (1962). On the scene with 1917. With 1922 at the Armenian theatre him{it}. Sundukjana. The state premium of the USSR (1941).

AVETISJAN Minas Karapetovich (1928-75), the Armenian painter, the schedule{chart}, the theatrical artist, the deserved artist of Armenia (1968). Creativity Avetisjana, the bound with national art traditions, distinguish epicheskaja solemnity figurative building, drama passion of sounding of colour ("Memory", 1973).

AVZON (Avson), in Other. Rome the first tsar of Italy, was considered as son Odisseja and Stone hammers. The first inhabitants of Italy on his{its} name become to call avzonami, country often called Avzoniej.

AVZONIJA, see. Avzon.

AVI SHAUL (an ice-film. fam. Mandel) Mordechai (1898-1988), the Israeli writer. Wrote in a Hebrew. Dramas "Necklace" (1928), "Jew Zjuss" (1933), collections of stories (" Tsar Karakash and other ordinary histories ", 1965) the modern social subjects. Collections of verses (" Verses of impatience ", 1982, etc.).

AVIA... (from an armour. avis - a bird), the part of the composite words meaning: "air" (napr., airmail).

GYRO HORIZON, gyroscopic instrument for definition of bank angles and a pitch of a flight vehicle.

AIRLINE, see. An airway.

AVIAL (abbr. from air aluminium), alloy Al (basis{fundamentals}) with additives Mg, Si, Mn (or Cr), Cu (in the sum ok. 3 %). A high plasticity and satisfactory rust resistance. Produce wrought and extrusions of the composite form (napr., longerons of vanes of screws of helicopters).

MODEL AEROPLANE FLYING, designing and construction of models of flight vehicles in the technical or sporting purposes.

AIRMODEL SPORT, competitions on designing and manufacturing of volant models (airplanes, gliders, helicopters, missiles, etc.) and to steering of them in tests for speed, time in flight and workmanship of aerobatic manoeuvres. An international airmodel commission (it is based in 1923) in structure of International air federation (see. Aircraft sport); world championships with 1925.

AIRCRAFT-CARRIER, battle surface ship, which main{basic} impact - carrier planes and helicopters. Have appeared in 1-¯ world war. In 2-¯ world war the USA, the Great Britain, Japan and France were applied on fleets. In consequent the USA have received development primarily in Naval Forces. Are sectioned on multiple objective, impact both antisubmarine; routine and nuclear. The equipment of an aircraft-carrier ensures basing, take-off and planting up to 100 machines.

AVIAHIM, mass public organization in the USSR, existing in 1925-27. Has arisen as association of the Society of friends to air fleet and Dobrohima. Was engaged in propagation of achievements of aircraft, organization of propaganda and record flights. Conducted a collection of contributions with the purpose of construction of airplanes, buildings of clubs, etc. In 1927 Aviahim it was aggregated with the Society of assistance to the defence in Osoaviahim.

AIR MEDICINE, the section of medicine investigator conditions of professional work of aviation specialists and developing measures, directed on conservation of their health, increase of functionability and a safety-of-life function.

AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY (aviaraketno-space industry), the branch of a machine industry effecting flight vehicles for the civil and military purposes: airplanes, helicopters, space vehicles and the ships{spacecrafts}, missiles, and also their parts, clusters and units. Has arisen in nach. 20 century, large branch has become within between two world wars. One of most technically developed branches of a machine industry with a large-scale of cooperation and concentration of manufacture.

AIRSPORT, the collective title of air kinds{views} of sport. See. Airmodel sport, Parachuting, Glider sport, Aircraft sport.

AIR TRANSPORT, see. The transport.

AIR MATERIALS the INSTITUTE research (IAM), is built in 1932 in Moscow on the basis a department of a TsAGI. Probes on materials technology, development of steels, alloys, etc. materials.

AIRCRAFT MARINE, a stem of forces of navy (Navies). Will consist of parts of marine missile-carrying aircraft, antisubmarine, fighting, the attack, etc. kinds{views} of aircraft.

AIR DEFENSE AVIATION, service arm of air defence. Will consist of parts of fighter aviation (IA) and subdividings of a military-transport aviation and helicopters.

ABIB (Having twisted) Alexandria (mind{wit}. ok. 250), the martyr, the deacon damaged together with presbyter Favstom in Alexandria in persecution of emperor Detsija. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on September, 6 (19).

ABIB Persian (mind{wit}. ok. 330), the Christian martyr damaged in Persia in persecution SHapura II. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on March, 28 (on April, 10).

ABIB Samosatsky (mind{wit}. 297), the Christian martyr damaged in. Samosaty (in Syria) in persecution of emperor Diokletiana. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on January, 29 (on February, 11).

ABIB Edessky (mind{wit}. 322), the martyr, the deacon in Edessa; has suffered in persecution of emperor Litsinija. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on November, 15 (28).

AVIDNOST (from an armour. avidus - greedy), properties of antigens and the anti-bodies, defining power of binding of complementary epines of their molecules. Shows in toughness of the derivated complex.

LIGHT AEROPLANE (from frants. aviette), a low-powered airplane, routinely one or two-place.

AVIZHJUS Jonas (r. 1922), the Lithuanian writer, the national writer of Lithuania (1986). In stories about village and novels " the Glass mountain " (1961), " Village at the crossroads " (1964), " Lost krov " (kn. 1-4, 1970-88), " Hameleonovy colours " (1979), "Djagimaj" (1981) - drama destinies of heroes in the composite moments of a history of the Lithuanian society. The lenin premium (1976).

The NOTE (ital. avviso), the notice on changes in a condition of the clearing, sent by one contractor other.

AVILA (Avila) Huan (1500-69), the spanish ecclesiast, " apostle of andalusia ".

AVILES (Aviles), city and a port in Spain, in Biskajskom a hall. 87 thousand inhabitants (1981). Black and nonferrous machine industry. Fishery. A seaside resort.

AVILOV Mihail Ivanovich (1882-1954), the Russian painter, the national artist of Russia (1953), the full member AH the USSR (1947). Epicheskie battle cloths: " Outbreak of Polish front by 1-st Horse army in 1920 year " (1928); " Duel Peresveta with CHelubeem " (1943). The state premium of the USSR (1946).

AVIM the Maccabee (mind{wit}. 166 up to n. e.), under the legend, the antiquated martyr, one of seven brothers, killed in persecution of Antiochus IV Epifana for failure{refusal} to break a law Moiseyev (2 Maccabean, 7). Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on August, 1 (14).

AVIGNON (Avignon), city in the south of France, on r. Rhone, an administrative centre dep. Vokljuz. Ok. 100 thousand inhabitants (1990). Metal-working, textile, alimentary, a footwear industry. A complex of a papal palace (14 century) with frescos (14-15 centuries). It is based at-sight drevnerimskoj colony (1 century). A residence of Popes in 1309-77 (enforced, under pressure the French kings - t. n. Capture of dads). In 1348-1791 (officially with 1797) papal possession.

AVINONSKOE CAPTURE of DADS, enforced (under pressure the French kings) stay of Popes in Avignon in 1309-77 (with a rest in 1367-70).

AVISSKAJA the DYNASTY (Aviz, Avis), the dynasty of the Portuguese kings in 1385-1580, is based ZHuanom I. The main representative - Gigolo V.

AVIT (ok. 460 - îê.518), the German writer and the church figure, diocesan of Vienna. A poem " About devstve " (after 507; in latin tongue).

AVITA (4 century), Christian podvizhnitsa. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on Cheese Saturday.

AVITAMINOSISES (from and - a negative prefix and vitamins), group of different diseases on the clinical developments, vitamins developing owing to sharp failure in an organism (a beriberi, a pellagra, a scurvy, etc.).

AVITELLINOZ, invazionnaja disease (a helminthosis, from group tsestodozov) ruminantia, primarily ovets and the she-goats, called by tapeworms - avitellinami, parasitizing in small intestines. Symptoms: a shiver, spasms of extremities. A lethality high.

AVIFAUNA (from an armour. avis - a bird and a fauna), the same, that ornitofauna.