ABBAS Ferhat (1899-1985), the chairman of ministerial council of the Providing government of Algerian Republic in 1958-61. One of chiefs of Front of national discharging Algeria in 1956-63.

ABBAS Hodge Ahmad (1914-87), the indian writer, the film director. Wrote on a urda and the English tongue. Social novels from indian life " " (1945), "Revolution" (1954), " the Bloody path{route} " (1980) Tomorrow belongs to us; scripts: "Wanderer" (1951), " Mister 420 " (1955), etc. Films: "Ganges" (1954), " Boating for three starving " (1957, with Soviet producer V.M.Proninym).

ABBASIDY, a dynasty of Arabian caliphs in 750 - 1258. Descends from Abbasa, uncle Mohammed. Bloom at caliphs al-Mansure (754 - 775), al-Mahdi (775 - 785), Harun are - Rashide (786 - 809), al-Mamune (813 - 833). Intensifying of feudal press Abbasidov has called popular uprisings (under guiding Babeka, Mukanny, etc.). With kon. 8 century from Halifata Abbasidov, plugging originally countries Short-range and Compare. The orient, the Sowing. Africa, have started to pass separate ranges. In 945 Buidy, having trapped capital Abbasidov bagdad, have deprived Abbasidov with temporal power. The last caliph from dynasty Abbasidov is executed by Hulagu-khan (see. Hulaguidy).

ABBAS-MIRZA (1789 - 1833), the state and military figure of Iran. The viceroy of a check in the Iranian Azerbaijan. Commanded a troops during the russko-Iranian wars 1804-13 and 1826-28, irano-turkish war 1821-23.

ABBASOV Azad Zinnatovich (r. 1925), the tatar singer (the lyrical tenor), the national actor of the USSR (1977). With 1950 at the Tatar theatre of opera and ballet.

ABBASOV SHurhat Salihovich (r. 1931), the Uzbek film director and the scripter, the national actor of the USSR (1981). Works at studio " Óçáåêôèëüì ". Films: " all speaks About it mahallja " (1960), " Tashkent - city grain " (1968), " Abu Rajhan Beruni " (1975), " Igneous roads " (16 series, 1977-85), etc.

ABBE (an armour. abbas, from aramejsk. abo - father), 1) the prior of a roman catholic monastery - abbeys (the abbess - abbatisa); 2) a title of the French Catholic priest.

ABBE (Abbe) Ernest (1840 - 1905), german physics - optician. The writer of the theory of a microscope, the designer of many optical devices. Has created technology of many operations of the optical-mechanical manufacture. The chief of optical factories K.Tsejsa in Jena.

ABBOT (Abbot) George (1562-1633), archbishop Kenterberijsky (1611), one of translators of the Bible on the English tongue

ABBOT (Abbot) CHarlz Grills (1872 - 1973), the American astronomer. Transactionses on physics of the Sun, measurement of a sunshine and a luminosity of asters.

ABBREVIATION (ital. abbreviatura - reduction), 1) the word derivated by reduction of a word-combination and readable under the alphabetic title of initial characters (air force) or on initial notes (the United Nations, high school) the words, included in him{it}. 2) See. Slozhnosokrashchennye words. 3) Marks of reduction and simplification of record in the musical letter.

ABVER (a nem. Abwehr), an organ of military investigation and counterintelligence of Germany in 1919-44. In 1944 organs Abvera were part of Headquarters of imperial safety.

ABGARJAN Karlen Aramovich (1928-95), the Russian scientist, the academician of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; corresponding member AN the USSR with 1987). Transactionses under the theory of automatic control systems.

ABD AL-KADIR (Abd an al-message frame) (1808-1883), the leader of revolt against the French conquerors in Algeria in 1832-47. Under guiding Abd al-Kadira rising nations have plotted to the French troops a number{series} of defeats and in 1832 on a large part. Zap. Algeria have created the state (emirat). After depressing{supression} revolt Abd al-Kadir has been taken in a film.

ABD AL-KRIM (Abd al-Kerim) (1882-1963), the leader of revolt rifskih nations of Morocco and the chapter of republic Rifskoj (1921-1926). After depressing{supression} revolt it is banished. In 1948-56 in Cairo headed Committee of discharging the Sowing. Africa.

ABDALLAH ibn al-Said Mohammed (1846-99), the governor independent mahdistskogo the Sudanese state with 1885. Headed resistance of Sudaneses to Englishmen in 1896-98 and guerilla extirpation after 1898.

ABDALLAH IBN HUSEJN (1882-1951), king of Jordan in 1946-51 (with 1921 emir of Transjordan). Conducted the proEnglish policy. It is killed by the member of the antiEnglish terrorist organization.

ABDALJAR, the title of city Lachin in Azerbaijan up to 1926.

ABDARRAHMAN I (731-788), the founder (756) Arabian emirata on Pirenejskom p-ove and dynasties kordovskih Omejjadov. Conducted tsentralizatorskuju policy.

ABDARRAHMAN II (792-852), emir Kordovskogo emirata with 822. It is known protection sciences and art.

ABDARRAHMAN III (891-961), emir Kordovskogo emirata with 912, caliph Kordovskogo halifata with 929. Has organized guards from slaves. Has created fleet, the strongest on Mediterranean m. Board Abdarrahmana III - top of power kordovskih Omejjadov.

ABDER, in the Grecian mythology the son of Hermes, favourite Gerakla. Bursted by horses - cannibals of Thracian tsar Diomeda whom has entrusted to him to guard Gerakl. At-sight his{its} death Gerakl has constructed city Abdery.

ABDERGALDEN (Abderhalden) Emil (1877-1950), the Swiss biochemist, foreign corresponding member AN the USSR (1925). In 1904-45 worked in Germany. Probeed structure and functions of proteins. Synthesized (together with E.G.Fisherom) polypeptide from 19 amino asids (1916).

ABDERY, ancient greek city in Thrace. Under the legend, it is constructed Geraklom in memory{remembrance} about Abdere. Nonsense of inhabitants of this city was included in Greeces in a by-word and has become a scene of numerous jokes. Abdery - Rhodinum of philosophers Demokrita and Anaksarha, sophist Protagora, Gekateja Miletskogo.

ABDISHO (Ebed Ieshu) (mind{wit}. 1318), the syrian writer, nestoriansky the seminary student, metropolitan Nisibisa. Has constituted the syrian bibliography of the Scriptus, the Grecian and syrian fathers of Church. The Filosofsko-doctrinal composition "Pearl", " Paradise Edenic ".

ABDO Mohammed (1849-1905), the egyptian reformer of moslem faith, mufti with 1899.

ABDOMINAL (from an armour. abdomen - a belly, an abdomen), in anatomy - belly, relating a belly. See also Ventral.

ABDRASHITOV Vadim Jusupovich (r. 1945), the Russian film director, the national actor of Russia (1992). Films: " the Word for protection " (1977), " the Hunt for foxes " (1980), " the train " (1982), " Parade of planets " (1984), " Pljumbum, or the Dangerous game " (1987), "Servant" (1989) Has stayed. The state premium of the USSR (1991).

ABDUL MUIS (Abdul Muis) (1886-1959), the Indonesian writer. The antiracist novel " Improper education " (1928); the social novel " Meeting suzhenyh " (1933).

ABDULATIPOV Ramazan Gadzhimuradovich (r. 1946), the Russian statesman. In 1975-87 on scientific activity in Dagestan, then in Moscow. In 1990-93 chairman of a Soviet of Nationalities of a Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation. In 1993-1995 vice-president of Council of Federation of Federal assembly. With 1995 deputy of the State Duma of Federal assembly.

ABDUL-DZHABBAR (Abdul-Jabbar) Brown, see. F.L.Alsindor.

ABDULINO, city (with 1923) in the Russian Federation, the Orenburg region. A depot. 22,9 thousand inhabitants (1991). The enterprises of a railway transport, a food-processing industry.

ABDULLA SABIR (an ice-film. A name Abdullaev Sabirdzhan) (1905-72), the Uzbek poet, the national poet of Uzbekistan (1965). Verses, stories, the novel " Mavlono Mukimi " (1965) about the Uzbek poet - democrat, dramas on the modern themes, the musical dramas on scenes of national legends (" Tahir and Zuhra ", 1943, "Alpamysh", 1958).

ABDULLADZHANOV ABDUMALIK (r. 1949), the prime minister of Tadjikistan since November 1992. With 1971 on technical-engineer activity. With 1980 deputy minister of preparations Tadjik SSR. With 1986 1-st deputy, with 1987 minister for bakeries Tadjik SSR.

ABDULLAEV Abdulhak Aksakalovich (r. 1918), the Uzbek painter, the national artist of Uzbekistan (1968). National on colour realistic portraits ("Niece Shahla", 1960; "A.Navoi", 1968).

ABDULLAEV Gasan Mamed Bagir ogly (1918-93), Azerbaijan physics, the academician (1967) and the president (1970-83) AN Azerbaijan, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; corresponding member AN the USSR with 1970). The main{basic} transactionses on physics of semiconductors and the semiconductor element.

ABDULLAEV Mikail Gusejn ogly (r. 1921), the Azerbaijan painter and the schedule{chart}, the national artist of the USSR (1963), the full member AH (1988). The writer of patterns (" Fires Mingechaura ", 1948, "Girls Hachmasa", 1982), drawings.

ABDULLAEV Habib Muhammedovich (1912-62), the Uzbek geologist, the academician (1947) and the president (1956-61) AN Uzbekistan. The main{basic} transactionses on petrology and ore deposits. The lenin premium (1959).

Abdullas BIN ABDULKADIR MUNSHI (Abdullah bin Abdulkadir Munsji) (1796-1854), the malayan writer - educator. Memuarno-publicistic compositions " the Story about Abdulla " (1849). Has preformed and has emited the historical chronicle of 15 century " Malayan genealogies " (1840).

ABDULLA-KHAN II (1534-98), the Uzbek khan from dynasty SHejbanidov with 1583, in the season{term} of the greatest power of the state Shejbanidov; has trapped Bukhara (1557), Tashkent, Balh, Fergana, etc. At a nem it was formed Bukhara hanstvo.

ABDULLIN Rishat Mukimovich (1916-88), the Kazakh singer (baritone), the national actor of the USSR (1967). In 1939-85 at the Kazakh theatre of opera and ballet.

ABDULOV Alexander Gavrilovich (r. 1953), the Russian actor, the national actor of Russia (1991). With 1975 in Moskovsk theatre him{it}. Lenin Komsomol (about 1990 Moscow theatre " Ëåíêîì "). It is vested explosive temperament, a plasticity, scenic charm. Roles: Pluzhnikov (" In lists did not appear " on B.L.Vasiljevu, 1975); the Glowing heretic, Fernando Lopez and the Person from theatre ("JUnona" and "Perhaps" A.A.Voznesenskogo, composer A.L.Rybnikov, 1981); Menahem-Mendl ("Prayer for the dead" on SHolom-Alejhemu, 1989), etc. It was taken out in films: " To kill a dragon ", " the Prison novel ", a TV movie " the Dace miracle ", etc.

ABDULOV Osip Naumovich (1900-53), the Russian actor, the producer, the national actor of Russia (1944). On the scene with 1918. With 1943 at Theatre him{it}. Mossoveta. With 1924 worked on a wireless, with 1933 also at kino. The state premium of the USSR (1951).

ABDUL-HAMID II (Abdulhamit) (1842-1918), the turkish anthurus in 1876-1909. Has placed{installed} a despotic mode. Turkey at a nem turned into semi-colonial territory of the West-European mandatory powers. After Mladoturetskoj revolutions 1908 it is decrowned. In the literature has received a nickname of " the bloody anthurus ".

ABDURAHMANOV Fuad Gasan ogly (1915-71), the Azerbaijan sculptor, the national artist of Azerbaijan (1955), corresponding member AH the USSR (1949). The sculptor of monuments (monuments Bottoms in Gandzha, 1946, Rudaki in Dushanbe, 1964). The state premium of the USSR (1947, 1951).

ABDURAHMANOVA Dilbar Guljamovna (r. 1936), the Uzbek conductor, the national actress of the USSR (1977). With 1960 conductor, with 1974 artistic administrator and the main conductor of the Uzbek theatre of opera and ballet.

ABDURRAHMAN MOMAND (1632-1707), the Afghani poet - sufy (see. Sufizm). Gazelles and kasydy Abdurrahmana Momanda are popular in Afghans.

ABEGJAN Manuk Hachaturovich (1865-1944), the Armenian philologist, academician AN of Armenia (1943). Transactionses on a history drevnearmjanskoj literatures, to folklore.

ABEGJAN Mger Manukovich (r. 1909), the Armenian painter and the schedule{chart}, the national artist of Armenia (1960). Lyrical inking landscapes, still-lifes, portraits, pejzazhno-conversations.

ABEDIN Zejnul (r. 1917), bangladeshsky the schedule{chart} and the painter. Realistic products{creations} on themes of national life (an actuarial series " Famine in Bengal in 1943 ").