AVITSENNA, see Ibn Sina.

AVKSELY Nikopolsky (Armenian) (mind{wit}. ok. 319), one of a magpie of five Christian martyrs damaged in Nikopol Armenian in the persecution of emperor Litsinija. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on July, 10 (23).

AVKSENTY Vifinsky (mind{wit}. ok. 470), a Christian outlet box - hermit, podvizalsja in Vifinii on mountain Oksija bliz the Chalcedon. It come from Persia, was tsaredvortsem at a yard of emperor Feodosiya Junior. Having accepted inochestvo, ministered the deacon, then the presbyter in Constantinople. Participat in 4-th Ecumenical council. Memory{remembrance} in Orthodox and the Latin church on February, 14.

AVKSENTY Nikopolsky (Armenian) (mind{wit}. ok. 319), one of a magpie of five Christian martyrs damaged in Nikopol Armenian in the persecution of emperor Litsinija. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on July, 10 (23).

AVKSENTY Pertsovsky, Vologda (mind{wit}. 1521), Saint, has based in 1499 year (together with Saint Onufriem) Pepper deserts in place Grjazovets near Vologda. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on June, 12 (25).

AVKSENTY Sevastijsky, Arabian (mind{wit}. nach. 4 century), the martyr, the presbyter in Aravrake, one of five martyrs damaged in the Sebasta Armenian in the persecution of emperor Diokletiana. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on December, 13 (26).

AVKSENTY Solovetsky, Kashkarensky (17 century), Saint. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on August, 9 (22) (cathedral Solovetskih sacred).

AVKSENTY Chalcedonian (mind{wit}. ok. 816), the Christian confesser, Saint, spodvizhnik diocesan Kosmy, damaged together with nymas in the Chalcedon in aniconic persecution at emperor the Lion the Armenian. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on April, 18 (on May, 1).

AVKSENTEV Nikolay Dmitrievich (1878-1943), one of leaders eserov. In 1917 chairman of the All-Russia Advice{Council} of country deputies and Preparliament, Minister of Internal Affairs of the Providing government. The participant of extirpation against the Soviet authority during the Civil war. Then in emigration.

AVKSILY Nikopolsky (Armenian) (mind{wit}. ok. 319), one of a magpie of five Christian martyrs damaged in Nikopol Armenian in the persecution of emperor Litsinija. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on July, 10 (23).

AVLAKOGEN (from grech. aulax - a furrow and genes - bearing), an intraplatform linear mobile zone by the way a steep fine-bored sag, restricted faults; combination of a sag - a graben and raising - horst is routine.

AVLOS (grech. aulos), an ancient greek musical instrument, 2-ñòâîëüíûé such as an oboe. Has been distributed also in Other. Rome and countries of the Mediterranean.

AVM, see. The analog computer.

The AVOGADRO (Avogadro) Amedeo (1776-1856), italian physics and the chemist. In 1811 has put forward a molecular hypothesis of a structure of substance, has placed{installed} one of the gas laws, called as his{its} name.

The AVOGADRO the LAW, in equal volumes of ideal gases at equal pressure and temperature is contained equal figure of molecules; A.Avogadro in 1811 is open{discovered}.

ALLIGATOR PEAR, woody plant of a stem a persea, a fruit crop. Rhodinum - Center. And JUzh. America where it is long since cultivated (the USA, Brazil, Argentina). Cultivate also in Australia, on Cuba, etc., with 1904 - on Black Sea a shore of Caucasus. The evergreen tree an altitude up to 20 m, is durable, fruits about 4-5 flying. Fruits (150-200 pieces from a plant) with an oily pulp, on taste remind a Persian walnut, are very nutritious, almost do not contain some carbohydrates.

ABRAHAM (Abram), in the Bible an ancestor of Jews, father Isaaka. On command of Jahveh Abraham should sacrifice the son, but at the moment of immolation has been stalled{stopped} by an angel.

AVRAAMY (in world Afanasy) (mind{wit}. 1672), the old believe writer, the outlet box, the pupil protopopa Habacuc. The employee for the substantiation of dissents between old believers and nikonianami has constituted kompiljativnyj the collection " Hristianoopasnyj a board of belief against a heretical home guard ".

AVRAAMY Arvilsky (mind{wit}. 344 or 347), the martyr, diocesan Arvilsky (Arbelsky) in Persia, damaged in persecution SHapura II. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on February, 4 (17), in Roman catholic on February, 4 and 8.

AVRAAMY Bulgarian, Vladimirskiy (mind{wit}. 1229), the Christian martyr, chudotvorets. It come Volzhsko-Kamskoj from Bulgaria; having addressed to christianity from Moslem, racked by fellow citizens of native city. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on April, 1 (14).

AVRAAMY Galichsky, CHuhlomskoj, Gorodetsky (mind{wit}. 1375), the abbot, the pupil Saint Sergija Radonezhskogo, the educator chudi. Has based 4 monasteries, has found (1350) wonderworking icon Bozhiej of Mother (Galichsko-CHuhlomskaja "Affection"). Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on July, 20 (on August, 2).

AVRAAMY the Hermit, Hidansky (mind{wit}. ok. 360), the Christian outlet box, the ascetic, more than 50 flying podvizalsja in Syrian desert. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on October, 29 (on November, 11), in Roman catholic on March, 16.

AVRAAMY Karrijsky (mind{wit}. 450), the Christian man of faith, diocesan Karrijsky (in Mesopotamia). Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on February, 14 (27).

AVRAAMY (in shime Anthony) Kensky, Kozheezersky (mind{wit}. 1634), abbot Kozheezerskoj of a mansion, the pupil Saint Serapiona Kozheezerskogo. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on June, 7 (20).

AVRAAMY Mirozhsky (12 century), the first abbot Pskov Spaso-Mirozhskogo a monastery, chudotvorets. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on September, 24 (on October, 7).

AVRAAMY Paleostrovsky (15 century), abbot Paleostrovskoj of a mansion, the pupil Saint Kornilija Paleostrovskogo. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on August, 21 (on September, 3).

AVRAAMY PALITSYN, see Palitsyn And.

AVRAAMY Pechengsky, Vologda (mind{wit}. After 1492), Saint, has based (together with Saint Kopriem) deserts Spasskuju in Grjazovetskom for. Near Vologda on r. Pechenga. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on February, 4 (17).

AVRAAMY Pechersky (12-13 centuries), a name of each of three men of faith, pogrebennyh in Short-range (Antonievyh) and Long-distance (Feodosievyh) caves Kievo-Pecherskoj laurels. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on September, 28 (on October, 11) and on 2 Sunday of quadragesima (cathedral Kievo-Pecherskih of fathers).

AVRAAMY (in world Averky) Rostov (11 century?), Saint, chudotvorets, the founder and archimandrite Bogojavlenskogo of a monastery in. Body height - Yaroslavl. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on October, 29 (on November, 11).

AVRAAMY SMOLENSK (mind{wit}. Up to 1224), Saint, chudotvorets, the ecclesiast, the icon-painter; the first abbot of a monastery in honour of the Rule{Situation;Position} of the Chasuble of the Holy Virgin Theotokos (later - Spaso-Avraamiev a monastery). The wide circulation in Russia has received " ZHitie sacred Avraamija ", written by his{its} pupil Efremom. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on August, 21 (on September, 3).

AVRAAMY Spassky (Korjazhemsky) (mind{wit}. In nach. 17 century), the abbot. Memory{remembrance} in an orthodox church on 2 Sunday on the Pentecost (a cathedral of all sacred, in ground Russian beamed).

AVRAAMY Yaroslavl (Preobrazhenskiy), (mind{wit}. After 1219), the abbot. Memory{remembrance} in an orthodox church on September, 23 (on October, 6).

ABRAHAMS Arseny Mihajlovich (1886 - 1944), the Russian musical theorist, the specialist in folklore, the composer. In 1917 - 18 commissioner of arts Narkomprosa RSFSR, one of organizers Proletkulta. Aspired{tried} to give revolutionary holidays solemn registration, including with the help of factory hooters (" the Concordance of hooters ", 1922).

ALL-HANDS EVOLUTION (English over all - upward all), activity on the ship{spacecraft}, executed{designed} simultaneously all or nearly so all staff called by a special signal and a command " all upward ".

AVRAMOV Ivan Ivanovich (1915-85), the Russian actor, the national actor of the USSR (1976). In 1936-37 and with 1945 in Komi drama theatre (Syktyvkar), in 1961-82 main producer.

AVRAMOV Mihail Petrovich (1681-1752), the first director of the Petersburg printing house in 1711-27, the clerk of the Armory Museum. The writer of many designs of reforms: introductions of censorship, folding money, buildings of grain reserves, etc. In 1732 it is cut in outlet boxes; was in the reference, the conclusion.

HEDGEHYSSOP, stem of grasses of a set of a figwort family. Ok. 20 kinds{views}, in moderate and cool belts and in mountains of tropics. The hedgehyssop medicinal is toxicant; it is used as purging, emetic and diuretic.

AVRANEK Ulrih Iosifovich (1853-1937), the chorus master and the conductor, the national actor of Russia (1932), the Hero of Transactionses (1934). By origin cheh. With 1874 in Russia. With 1882 conductor and the chorus master of Major theatre.

AVRELIAN (Aurelianus) (214 or 215-275), Roman emperor with 270. Has reunited with empire Palmira in 272/273, Gallia in 273, has superseded from Retsii and Italy alemannov.

AVRELY VICTOR (Aurelius Victor) Sixths, the Roman historian of 4 century. The writer of the book " About tsezarjah " in which brief biographies of Roman emperors from August up to Konstantsija (30 up to n are given. e. - 360 n. e.).

AVRELY (Aurelius) Mark (121-180), Roman emperor with 161 from dynasty Antoninov. Rested on senatorial estate. Has reduced the Roman protectorate above Armenia and has trapped Mesopotamia in war 162-166 with parthians; in 166-180 led t. n. Markomanskuju war. The representative of serotinal{late} stoicism (the philosophical composition of "Speculation").* * *

MARK AVRELY Antonin (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus) (on April, 26 121, Rome - on March, 17 180, Sirmy, Lower Pannonija), Roman emperor, the representative of serotinal{late} stoicism, the writer of philosophical "Speculations". The son pretora Annija Belief belonged to a notable spanish stem. In the childhood, after bullock Adriana, has been adopted by the future emperor Antoninom Piem. Has received perfect{fine} education, specially studied the right. On March, 7 161 together with Lutsiem Verom, also adopted Antoninom Piem, has been professed by emperor. For the period of his{its} board flood of Tiber, revolt of British and germen, successful for rimljan wars with Armenia and Parfiej, the long-lived war with markomanami came. Emperor has conducted a large part of life in military marchings, attempting to reflect the barbarians restricting Roman borders{limits}. At the same time he cared of an internal accomplishment of empire, placing emphasis on the legislation and legal proceedings. Personally participated in meetings of a senate, in proceedings, has entered in the capacity of punishment for the false denunciation civil dishonor. The collection of rescripts of Mark Avrelija under the title "Semestria" enjoyed authority for lawyers of succeeding generations. Has died of a plague during war with markomannami. Mark Avrely was the person moral and modest. Since a youth he led vozderzhannyj a mode of life: wore a modest Grecian storm coat, slept on ground, escaped entertainments. Long-sufferingly tried to tolerate all falsities sent to him by life, "not noting" lack of talent sopravitelja Lutsija Belief, rasputstva wife Faustiny Junior, daughters Antonina Pija, misunderstanding of ambient people, bad inclinations of son Kommoda which has enclosed the best tutors and teachers (afterwards he has become one of the most severe emperors in a history of Rome). " Speculations "(" To themselves "), written by Mark Avreliem in Greek and retrieved after his{its} mors in a marching tent (for the first time are issued in 12 books in 1558 with parallel latin transfer{translation}), in brief, sometimes aphoristic expressions state stoical views of this philosopher on a throne: " Time of human life - an instant; its{her} nature - perpetually flow; the sensation is vague, the structure of all body faddies; a shower it is unstable, the destiny is mysterious; the glory - is uncertain. All relating to a body is similar to a torrent, relating to a shower - to a dreaming and a smoke. Life - extirpation and journey on foreign land. But what can introduce to a path{route}? Anything, except for philosophy. To philosophize - signifies to preserve the internal genius from ponoshenija and flaw, to achieve, that he stood above enjoying and travails... " .V consequent eyelid of a classical antiquity Mark Avrely recognized to one of the best emperors of Rome. The plenty of portraits of Mark Avrelija figuring it{him} in miscellaneous age was saved. An equestrian statue of Mark Avrelija on the Capitols in Rome (in Middle Ages considered as a monument to Konstantin Velikomu) - the most well-known monument of art of his{its} time. Ñî÷èíåíèÿ:Ðàçìûøëåíèÿ. SPb., 1993. The literature: Renan E.Mark Avrely and an end of a classical antiquity. Ì., 1991. Eliahs Kapitolin. The biography of Mark Antonina of the Philosopher // the Lords of Rome. Ì., 1992. Kotlyarevsky Seconds Mark Avrely // Roman stoiki. Ì., 1994. V.E.Suslenkov

AVRELY Nikopolsky (Armenian) (mind{wit}. ok. 319), one of a magpie of five Christian martyrs damaged in Nikopol Armenian in the persecution of emperor Litsinija. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on July, 10 (23).

"AVRO" (A. V. Roe and Co., Ltd), the aircraft manufacturing firm in the Great Britain, founded A.V.Ro. In 1930th was part of concern " Hoker Sidli ", it is closed in 1963. During 2-nd world war has adjusted a mass production of bombers "Lancaster" è "Lincoln".

AURORA, in Roman mythology the goddess of a morning dawn. Corresponds{meets} Grecian Eos.

"AURORA", publishing house, Saint Petersburg. It is based in 1969. Graphic production (cards, a reproduction, etc.), books on art.

"AURORA", cruiser of Baltic fleet. In formation with 1903, participat in TSusimskom battle 1905. In the evening 25.10.1917" Aurora " a blank shot from the instrument has signalled to capture by bolsheviks of the Winter palace. A historical monument; branch of the Central marine museum (with 1956).

AVRORIN Valentine Aleksandrovich (1907-77), Russian jazykoved, corresponding member AN the USSR (1964). The explorer of tunguso-manchurian tongues, problems of a typology, comparative-historical linguistics, sociolinguistics.