The ABKHAZIAN KINGDOM, the state in 8-10 centuries in Transcaucasia with capital Kutatisi (Kutaisi). In 975 has come in consolidated Georgia

ABHAZY (the self-title - apsua), an aboriginal population of Abkhazia. Number in Georgia 96 thousand person, including in Abkhazia 93 thousand person (1992). Live also in the Russian Federation (6 thousand person), Turkey (6 thousand person) and Arabian countries. An aggregate number of 115 thousand person. Tongue Abkhazian. Moslems - sunnity believing main{basic}, are orthodox.

ABHIRATI (sanskr. Enjoying), in the Buddhism paradise, a mythical happy edge{boundarouse} on the orient which steers budda Akshobhja.

ABY, city in Other. Greeces, in Fokide. Was well-known for oracle Apollo (from here one of nicknames of the god - Abej). City dwellers abanty after ruin of their country by the persian tsar Kserksom have moved on about. Euboea. From now on the island has become to call Abantida.

ABYLKASYMOVA Majramkan (r. 1936), the Kirghiz poetess, the national poetess of Kirghizia (1980). Collections of verses and poems " it is a lot of colours " (1965) This spring, " Belief in heart I keep " (1968), "Fatherland" (1973), " the Inexhaustible song " (1977), " Blue-eyed wash Issyk Kul " (1986).

AB, the state in Center. To Burma in 14-18 centuries (with like capital), aggregated the milled Burma. In 1752 has ceased to exist{breathe}, but the title Ava was applied and in 19 century (to all Burma).

AB (Ava) (mind{wit}. In 1127), the german religious poetess.

AVADHARA, gornoklimatichesky and a balneal health resort in Georgia, in Abkhazia, to north-east from Gagry.

AVAZ Flocks - ogly (1884-1919), the Uzbek poet - educator. Convicted to know and authorities. The collection of lyrics " Happiness of prosperity ".

AVALLON, in the Celtic mythology an island of beatas located on the west where after battle at Kamlane lethally injured king Arthur has been transferred.

AVALOKITESHVARA (sanskr. All-seeing the lord), in the Buddhism bodhisatva, olitsetvorenie wisdom and mercy. In China it was honored under name Guan-in.

The GUARANTEE (frants. aval), the guarantee under the bill, the check plot; can be given for all sum or its{her} part for any person in charge: the drawer, the acceptor, the drawer of the cheque, the holder of the cheque.

AVAN... (from frants. avant - ahead), a part of the composite words conforming on value to words "forward", "forward{front}" (an advance-guard, a forehole).

ADVANCE-GUARD (from avan... And frants. garde - the sentinel), 1) the subdividing following on a flight ahead of mainsprings with the purpose to not admit of sudden assault on them of the opponent. Advance-guards can be sent also in approach, at persuit, during road. 2) the Forward part of a society, people.

"ADVANCE-GUARD", direction in the French kino (with 1918). Figures of "Advance-guard" led searches of an original indicative means. With it is grey. 20th have prevailed over creativity of "avant-gardists" formalistic tendencies, in 30th the part of them has transfered on an item of realistic art.

AVANT-GARDISM (advance-guard), the cumulative name of art tendencies, more radical, than a modernism. Their early boundary in from - art of 1910th designated fovizmom and a cubism. The ratio avangardistskogo arts with preceding styles, with traditsionalizmom as such was especially sharp and polemical. Having reduced to potent updating all art tongue, the avant-gardism has given special scale to Utopian hopes for a capability of a reorganization of a society by means of art as his{its} bloom has coincided with a wave of wars and revolutions. In second half of 20 century his{its} philosophy have undergone to sharp criticism in a postmodernism.

AVANESOV Ruben Ivanovich (1902-82), Russian jazykoved, corresponding member AN the USSR (1958). One of osnovatelej the Moscow phonologic school. Transactionses on historical and descriptive phonetics, phonology, Russian dialectology, a history of Russian, Russian orfoepii and spellings. The state premium of the USSR (1971).

FORE BAY (from avan... And a port), 1) an external part of a port (behind natural shade), intended for parking the courts expecting the approach to berthes, loading and unload. 2) One of two ports, located in a mouth of a navigable river, is lower than the second (main{basic}) port. 3) the Water space before navigation passes of water reservoir.

OUTPOST (from avan... And frants. poste - a post{station}), the forward post{station} which is put out by a troops for ohranenija. In the Russian army the term was applied in 18-19 centuries.

ADVANCE (frants. avance), a money or other property value giving on account of laying ahead payments (for fulfilment of activity, cession of goods, on account of the due salary, on charges on business trip, etc.).

AVANTITUL (from avan... And a title), the home page of the book precedent to a banner page. On avantitule seat the title of publishing house, to his{its} mark, the name of a series, the title of the book or other cramps.

ADVENTURE (frants. aventure), 1) an adventure, adventure. 2) the Hazardous, doubtful enterprise designed for random success; the business undertaken disregarding of substantial capabilities.

ADVENTURISM, conduct, the activity somebody defined by hazardous unscrupulous acts for the sake of achievement of light success, profit; tendency to adventures.

AVENTURINE, dense diaphanous acinose crystal with uniformly dissipated inclusions of mica or a haematite; an ornamental stone. Colour as-polished siver-white, reddish - brown, it is rare - green. Flickering luster with floods is characteristic.

EMERGENCY PROTECTION of a nuclear reactor, the system of devices intended for the fast arrest of chain reaction in an active zone of a nuclear reactor. Basic elements of emergency protection - rod stock with a neutron absorber (napr., B, Cd).

EMERGENCY in the maritime law, 1) general average - the average general costs caused designedly with the purposes of salvage and freight from a common peril menacing to him{it}; are distributed proportionally cost of a vessel, the freight and freight. 2) the Particular average - the average general costs caused to a vessel or freight for want of general danger to them.

EMERGENCY (ital. avaria, from the arab. The avar - damage, damage), failure, damage of any mechanism, the device, the machine, etc. in an operating time, motions. Figuratively - an accident, failure.

AVARO-ANDO-TSEZSKIE TONGUES, see. The Dagestan tongues.

AVARIAN KAGANAT, state association of avars in Pannonii in it is grey. 6 - kon. 8 centuries. Incursions on slavs, Byzantium, etc. It is routed by francs.

AVARIAN MUSICAL - DRAMA THEATRE him{it}. G.Tsadasy, is based in 1935 in Makhachkala, up to 1963 drama theatre. Actors: Z.Nabieva, B.Inusilov, M.A.Abdulhalikov, P.H.Hizroeva, S.M.Medzhidova, etc. Main producer H.A.Abdugapurov (with 1971).

AVARIAN TONGUE, falls into to the Caucasian (iberijsko-Caucasian) tongues (the Dagestan tongues). Writing on the basis of the Russian alphabet.

AVARIAN HANSTVO, the state in Dagestan in 12-19 centuries with capital Hunzah. With 1803 in structure of Russia, in 1843-59 in imamate SHamilja. In 1864 it is abolished.

AVARUA (Avarua), main city and a port of islands of Cook (possession It is new. Zealand) in Quiet ok., on about. Rarotonga. 9,3 thousand inhabitants (1986).

AVARTSY (the self-title - maarulal), people in the Russian Federation (primarily in Dagestan, 496 thousand person) and in a north of Azerbaijan (44 thousand person). Number in the Russian Federation (switching on ando-tsezskie peoples and archintsev) 544 thousand person (1992). Tongue avarian. Believers - moslems - sunnity.

AVARS (obry), the breeding union, primarily tjurkojazychnyh nations. Committed incursions on slavs, francs, Byzantium. In 6 century have formed in a bass. Danube state association Avarian kaganat.

AVATAR [sanskr. - "nishozhdenie" (god)], in induizme implementation of god Vishnu into appearance of heroes of Krishna, the Frame, a wild boar, a dwarf and so forth, committing exploits on ground. In myths are most known 10 Avatar Vishnu.

AVACHINSKAJA the LIP, a bay Quiet ok. For a southeast coast p-ova Kamchatka. Length of 24 kms, width for an orifice of 3 kms, depth up to 26 m. Runs r. Avacha. A port - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatka.

AVACHINSKAJA MOUND (Avacha), an active volcano in a southeast of Kamchatka, northward from. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatka. 2741 m. A cone - in an ancient crater of a burning mountain.

AVVAD Taufik JUsef (1908-89), the Arabian writer (Lebanon). Collections of stories about simple people " the Lame boy " (1936), " the Woollen jacket " (1937), social novels "Flatbread" (1938), " Bejrutskie mills " (1972).

HABACUC (7 century up to n. e.), the hebrew prophet, one of twelve small prophets. The writer of the book of the Old Testament wearing his{its} name. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on December, 2 (15).

HABACUC Petrovich (1620 or 1621-82), the chapter staroobrjadchestva and the ideologist of split in an orthodox church, protopop, the writer. In 1646-47 member " the Mug of adherents of godliness ". Has acted against reform Nikona. It is banished with family in 1653 to Tobolsk, then in Dauriju. In 1663 it is reset to Moscow, kept extirpation with official church. In 1664 it is banished to Mezen. In 1666-67 it is convicted on a church cathedral and it is banished in Pustozersk where 15 flying has conducted in earth{ground} prison, has written "ZHitie" and many other compositions. Under the imperial decree it incinerated.

HABACUC Persijanin, Roman (mind{wit}. 269), the Christian martyr, son Marina and Marthas, brother Avdifaksa damaged together with them in Rome in persecution Klavdija II. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on July, 6 (19).

AVGIEVY STABLES, in the Grecian mythology huge and hardly low-purity stables of tsar Elidy Avgija, acceptable from sewage disposals in one day Geraklom, directed to them waters of the river (one of it{him} of 12 exploits). Figuratively - marginal disorder, neglect.

AUGITE (from grech. auge - luster), porodoobrazujushchy a mineral of subclass of chain silikates, (Ca, Mg, Fe2 +, Fe3 +, Al, Òi) [(Si, Al) 2Î6]. Impurity{additives} Na, K, Mn, less often Ni, V, Cr. Green, brown up to black crystals, solid acinose masses. Hardness 5-6; firmness of 3,2-3,6 g / sm3. A constituent part predominary the main{basic} and ultramain{ultrabasic} rocks.

AVGURY (an armour. augures), in Other. Rome the most ancient board of the sacrificers interpreting will of gods primarily ground auspitsy.

AUGUST (an armour. Augustus, 8-th month of year (31 day). The title named Roman emperor of August.

AUGUST II (August) the Strong (1670-1733), kurfjurst saxony (under name Fridriha of August I) with 1694, king Polish in 1697-1706, 1709-33. The participant of Boreal war 1700-21 on the party of Russia.