The ALPINE WRINKLED GEOSYNCLINAL RANGE, the most pullet{most young man} part of the Mediterranean geosynclinal belt including kajnozojskie wrinkled mountain structures from the Alpes (in the west) up to the Himalayas (on the orient). In development of the alpine wrinkled geosynclinal range 2 stages (trias - paleogene and neogen - antropogen), disjointed are secreted with the alpine ripple mark.

The ALPINE RIPPLE MARK, era tektogeneza predominary in a Cenozoic; it was exhibited within the limits of geosynclinal ranges which developed in Mesozoic and paleogene. In the alpine ripple mark there were wrinkled mountain structures of the Alpes, Caucasus, Pamir, the Himalayas and many other.

The ALPINE VIOLET, see. A cyclamen.

The ALPINE SCAPES, mountain troops in italian and French armies.

The ALPINE BELT, natural altitudinal belt in mountains, primarily moderate and subtropical latitudes. The alpine vegetation prevails{dominates}. It is located above an alpestrine belt, at the considerable altitude of mountains it is replaced nivalnym by a belt. In the Alpes and on Zap. Caucasus the alpine belt - at the altitude 2200-3000 m, on austral downslopes of the Himalayas - at the altitude 3600-5000 m. Summer pastures.

The ALPINE PHYLUM of the RELIEF, phylum of a relief of the highlands, undergone to an intensive glaciation. Sharp-pointed tops and the sharp crests worm-eaten by circuses, abrupt and rocky downslopes are characteristic.

ALPIN Lion Moiseevich (1898-1986), Russian a geophysics, the doctor of geologo-mineralogical sciences (1947), one of founders of geophysical prospecting by electric means in the USSR, the creator of scientific school. Transactionses on development of fundamental theory of prospecting geophysics and resistivity logging.

ROCK GARDEN (from the Alpes), a plot in botanical to a garden, park, square for cultivation of mountain (alpine) plants on hills artificially erected from stones.

MOUNTAINEERING, kind{view} of sport, climbing on hard-to-reach mauntains. The first climbing clubs have arisen in is grey. 19 century In the International union of climbing associations (UIAA; it is based in 1932) 44 countries (1991).

The ALPES (a nem. Alpen; frants. Alpes; ital. Alpi; from kelt. alp - a high mountain), the highest (up to 4807 m, Mont Blanc) range Zap. Europe. Are located in France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein; spurs of a mountain in Slovenia and Germany. Length ok. 1200 kms, width up to 260 kms. Will derivate a convex arch to northwest. A cross valley from Bodenskogo an eskar. Up to an eskar. Komo separate on high with characteristic alpine phylum of relief Zap. The Alpes and lower Vost. The Alpes. The wrinkled structure of the Alpes is built basically by motions of the alpine age. The axial zone of the Alpes is combined crystalline and metamorphic by breeds, on a rim - flishevye and molassovye formations. It is a lot of lakes of a tektoniko-glacial origin (Geneva, Bodenskoe, Komo, etc.) . Up to an altitude of 800 m prevail{dominate} cultural landscapes, up to 1800 m - broad-leaved and coniferous forests, are higher - alpestrine and Alpine meadows, rocks, icehouses (ok. 1200). The Alpes - one of the major recreation areas of Europe. Center of mountaineering, tourism, mountain skiing.

ALSMIK Peter Ivanovich (r. 1907), the selector, academician VASHNIL (1979), academician AN of Belarus (1966), the Hero Socialist Transactionses (1966). Transactionses on selection, genetics and a seed growing of a potato, the writer of high-yield and disease-resistant grades. The state premium of the USSR (1951, 1974).

ALTO (ital. alto, characters. - high), 1) a consignment in the fitch, executed by low nursery or women voices. Sounds and notiruetsja is higher than the tenor. 2) the Low nursery voice. 3) the String stringed musical instrument skripichnogo sets, is more than violin.

ALTO (Alt) Hermann (1889-1954), german the mechanics and the engineer, one of founders of a geometrical method of synthesis of mechanisms. The main{basic} transactionses are dedicated the theory of machines and mechanisms. In kon. 1920 has developed synthesis krivoshipno-polzunnyh mechanisms, in 1932 - synthesis of multilink mechanisms; has put in pawn a fundamentals of dynamic synthesis of mechanisms.

ALTAIR, a Orel, an aster of 1-st stellar magnitude; together with Vegoj and Denebom will derivate t. n. A major summer triangle.

ALTAMIRA (Altamira), a cave in prov. Santander (Spain) with inking wall plotting (bisons, etc. animal) madlenskoj crops of a serotinal{late} paleolith.

ALTAMIRA-I-KREVEA (Altamira for Crevea) Rafael (1866-1951), the spanish historian. Probeed a history of medieval Spain.

ALTAMIRANO (Altamirano) Ignasio Manuel (1834-93), the mexican writer, the public figure. Romantic prose proniknuta ideas of patriotism: novels "Klemensija" (1869), "Surco" (it is issued 1901), verses, literary criticism.

ALTANI Ippolit Karlovich (1846-1919), the Russian conductor and the chorus master. In 1882-1906 main conductor of Major theatre.

ALTERATION (from medieval an armour. alteratio - change), in music - increase and kickdown of a stage{step} ladovogo zvukorjada without change of its{her} title. Accidentals - a sharp, a flat, a take - sharp, a take - flat; a mark of cancellation of an alteration - bekar.

ALTERMAN (Altermann) Teodor (1885-1915), the Estonian actor, the producer. On the scene with 1902. With 1906 at theatre " Estonia ", one of his{its} organizers.

ALTERNARIAS, the blights called by parasitic fungi. The alternaria of cabbage is especially nocuous. On leaves hulls within the limits of which the tissue disappears.

ALTERNATIVE (frants. alternative, from an armour. alter - one of two), necessity of selection of one of two or several alternative capabilities; each of capabilities eliminating one another.

ALTERNATE FUEL, receive basically from raw material of not petroleum origin, apply to reduction of consumption of petroleum. Front views of alternate fuel: the liquefied and compressed combustible gases (napr., methane); spirits, products of their thorough revision and a mix with petrol (napr., methanol, a methyl - tretbutilovyj an ether); fuel mixes (napr., vodno-coal); synthetic liquid fuel; hydrogen.

ALTIMETER (from an armour. altum - an altitude and... Meter), the same, that the altimeter.

ALTING (althing), the title of parliament in Iceland.

ALTIPLANO (Altiplano), a western part of an internal tableland of Central Andes JUzh. America, between 16 and 22 °ju. sh. An altitude of 3300-3800 m. A volcanic plateau and hollows with lakes and solonchaks. On north-east steppe, in the west and the south of desert and a semidesert.

ALTITUDE (from an armour. altitudo - an altitude), the same, that a true altitude.

ALTMAN Natan Isaevich (1889-1970), the Russian painter, the sculptor and the schedule{chart}, the deserved artist of Russia (1968). Picturesque portraits ("A.Ahmatova", 1914), case histories, registration of performances. Has executed from a nature a sculptural portrait (1920) and a series of sketches of V.I.Lenina.

ALTRUISM (frants. altruisme, from an armour. alter - other), selfless care of the blessing of other people. The term is entered by O.Kont as counter by implication to the term "egoism".

ALTFATER Vasily Mihajlovich (1883-1919), the Russian commander. The participant of 1-st world war, counteradmiral (1917). After October revolution in 1918-19 first commanding Naval forces and the member of Republic RVS.

ALTSHULER Lev Vladimirovich (r. 1913), Russian physics, the creator of scientific school. The main{basic} transactionses in range of high-pressure physics, shockwaves, the detonation phenomena, a X-ray structural analysis. The lenin premium (1962). The state premium of the USSR (1946, 1949, 1953). The premium of the American physical Society (1991).

ALTSHULER Semen Aleksandrovich (1911-83), Russian physics, corresponding member AN the USSR (1976). The explorer of an electronic paramagnetic resonance. Has theoretically justified an acoustic paramagnetic resonance.

ALTJUSSER (Althusser) Lui (1918-90), the French philosopher. The main{basic} transactionses on a history of philosophy, the theory of knowledge, dialectic and a historical materialism. Views Altjussera are close to ideas of structuralism.

ALPHA (a), the first character of the Grecian alphabet. Peren.: an alpha and an omega - the beginning and an end; the basis{fundamentals}, essence.

"ALPHA - BANK", the Russian business bank. It is based in 1991, Moscow. An ownership capital of 0,7 bln. rbl.

ALFANO (Alfano) Ex (1876-1954), the italian composer, the pianist. The director of the musical licea in Bologna (with 1919) and Turin (1923-39), a conservatory in Pezaro (1947-50). Opera " Anastasis " (on L.N.Tolstomu, 1903), etc., has finished opera " Òóðàíäîò " Dzh. Puccini (1925).

AL-FARABI, see. Farabi.

The ALPHA-DECAY (a-disintegration), kind{view} of a radioactive decay of atomic nucleuses when the alpha-particle is released, nuclear charge decreases on 2 units, mass number - on 4. It is known over 3000 a-active nucleus which majority is received{obtained} artificially.

ALFARO (Alfaro) Eloj (1842-1912), the president of Ecuador in 1895-1901, 1906-11. Has conducted disestablishment, nationalization of a part church latifundy, has entered society education. It is killed.

ALPHA-RAY SPECTROMETER, gauge meter of power (energy spectrum) of alpha-particles.

ALPHA THERAPY, medical application of a-particles (radon baths, radioactive bandages, etc.); a kind{view} of radial therapy.

ALPHA-PARTICLE (a-particle), the stripped atom of helium keeping 2 protons and 2 neutrons.

ALFELD, a part of plain Srednedunajskoj in Hungary, to the orient from r. Danube. The large part of a surface ploughed up.

GIGOLO I, Afonsu (Affonso) (1111 or 1109-1185), the first king of Portugal, with 1139, from the Burgundian dynasty. Successfully wared against arabs, in 1147 has released Lisbon.

GIGOLO I (Alfonso) Voitel (?-1134), king of Aragon and Navarry with 1104. Has won from arabs Saragossa (1118), has routed troops Almoravidov for strength Kutanda (1120), has sufferred from them a defeat for strength Fraga (1134).

The GIGOLO III Great (838-910 or 912), king of Asturias with 866. Has won from arabs a number{series} of areas northward from r. Tagus. The aristocracy headed synovjami of Gigolo I, has forced it{him} to abdicate (910).

GIGOLO V African (1432-81), king of Portugal with 1438, from Avisskoj dynasties. In 1458-71 has trapped a number{series} severoafrikanskih terrains. Promoted organization of many expeditions to coasts of Africa.

The GIGOLO VI Valiant (1030-1109), king of Leon with 1065 and Castile with 1072. Has won from arabs of Toledo, Valencia, Almeria. Having sufferred a defeat in 1086 at the Splat, in 1108 at Uklese, has lost a number{series} won before grounds.