ALI (?-661), the fourth caliph (with 656) Arabian halifata. The cousin and son-in-law Mohammed. It is killed haridzhitami. It is declared shiitami first imamom.

ALI MOHAMMED, see. Skull crackers.

ALI MOHAMMED (Ali Muhammad) (an ice-film. A name and fam. Kassius Glue, Clay) (r. 1942), the American sportsman (box). The champion of Olympic Games (1960) in polutjazhelom weight. The repeated world champion among professionals (in 1964-74) in heavy weight.

ALI-BAJRAMLY, city (with 1954) in Azerbaijan, landing stage on r. The hen. A railway junction. 58,3 thousand inhabitants (1989). The enterprises machine-building, mild, a food-processing industry. A state district power station. Picture passageway. It is called in honour Ali Bajramova. Bliz Ali-Bajramly - a crude production.

ALI-BEJ AL-KABIR (1728-73), mamljuksky the governor of Egypt with 1757 (with 1770 anthurus). In the season{term} of russko-turkish war 1768-74 has sent turkish I plough (1768), has proclaimed (1770) independence of Egypt and began war from Turkey. In 1772 was will overthrow mamljukskimi bejami, opponents of extirpation with Turkey, and ran to Palestine.

ALIBI (from an armour. alibi - in the other place), the fact of presence accused or the suspect outside of the crime scene in the moment fixed as time of a crime.

ALIGARH, city in boreal part of India, pieces. Uttar Pradesh. 480 thousand inhabitants (1989). A traffic centre. Cotton, glass, a metal-working industry. Shopping center of a farming area (grain, a cotton, a cane); annual fairs. Muslim university. The fort of 16 century was saved.

ALIGER Margarita Iosifovna (1915-92), the Russian poetess. Collections " Memory{Remembrance} valiant " (1942), " Lenin mountains " (1953), " Blue hour " (1970), " the Quarter of eyelid " (1981) about moral finding actions of the Soviet person. Poems "Zoja" (1942; the State premium of the USSR, 1943), dedicated Zoe Kosmodemjanskoj, " thy victory " (1945). Memuarnaja prose.

ALIDADE (arab)., a ruler with verniers or microscopes on the cleaning cloth, rotated around of a shaft passing through the centre of a goniometric dial in astronomical and geodetic instruments; ministers for readout of angles.

ALIDY, descendants of caliph Ali and his{its} wife of Fatima, daughter Mohammed, from whom led the origin some dynasties (Idrisidy, Fatimidy, Zejdity) in medieval Muslim countries. To Alidam dynasty Alauitov in Morocco attributes itself.

ALIEV Gejdar Alievich (Ali Rza ogly) (r. 1923), the president of Azerbaijan since October 1993, doubly the Hero Socialist Transactionses (1979, 1983). With 1964 vice-president, in 1967-69 chairman of KGB at Council of Ministers of Azerbaijan. With 1969 1-st secretary of Central Committee KP of Azerbaijan. In 1982-87 1-st vice-president of Council of Ministers of the USSR. With 1991 chairman Supreme medzhlisa the Nakhichevan Autonomous republic. Since June 1993 chairman VS of Azerbaijan.

ALIEV Mirza Aga Ali ogly (1883-1954), the Azerbaijan actor, the national actor of the USSR (1949). On the scene with 1906. With 1920 at the Azerbaijan theatre him{it}. Azizbekova (Baku). The state premium of the USSR (1943, 1948).

ALIEV Fazu (r. 1932), the avarian writer, the national poetess of Dagestan (1969). Writes in avarian and Russian tongues. Poetic collections " Native village " (1959), " the Law of mountains " (1969), " Eyes of goods " (1983), a poem " Tavakal, or why grow grey men " (1988); novels " the Generic arms " (1970), " the Eighth Monday " (1978) about life of the modern Dagestan.

ALI-BACK Abdulkerim Ali-ogly (1906-79), the Azerbaijan orientalist, academician AN Azerbaijan SSR (1955). Transactionses on a medieval history of Azerbaijan and countries Short-range and Middle East.

The ALIZARIN, known organic dye from an antiquity. Falls into to mordant anthra colors. With salts of metals (Al, Cr, Fe) gives colored complexes, t. n. Varnishes. An intermediate product for obtaining dyes; an aluminium varnish an alizarin use for obtaining art paints, nitroenamels, etc.

ALICANTE (Alicante), city and a port in Spain, on Mediterranean m., an administrative centre prov. Alicante. 261 thousand inhabitants (1991). Mild, a food-processing industry. Center of area of a subtropical fruit growing (wine growing, etc.). A seaside resort. The medieval clasp Santa Barbara, a town hall with a two-turret front (17-18 centuries), church the Dignity - Nikolas de Bari (17 century).

ALIM (Ahim) the Maccabee (mind{wit}. 166 up to n. e.), under the legend, - antiquated martyrs, killed in persecution of Antiochus IV Epifana for failure{refusal} to break a law one of seven brothers Moiseyev (2 Maccabean, 7). Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on August, 1 (14).

ALIMARIN Ivan Pavlovich (1903-89), the Russian chemist - analyst, academician AN the USSR (1966), the Hero Socialist Transactionses (1980). The main{basic} transactionses on the quantitative micro and to a microchemical analysis, division of rare-earth elements. Has offered a nejtronno-activation method of definition of impurity{additives} in semiconductors. The state premium of the USSR (1972).

ALIMDZHAN Hamid (an ice-film. A name and fam. Hamid Alimdzhanovich Azimov) (1909-44), the Uzbek poet, corresponding member AN of Uzbekistan (1943). Collections of verses " the Morning breeze " (1930), " Night on the river " (1936), " Take weapons in arms{hand}! " (1942). Historical drama "Mukanna" (1942-43).

NUTRITIONAL DISEASES of the person and animal, are connected with improper - an irregular, inferior or nonbalanced feed (napr., a dystrophia nutritional, a kwasiorkor) or with the use of poor quality nutrition (see. Food poisonings)

ALIMENTATSIJA (pozdnelat. alimentatio, from an armour. alimentum - nutrition, the content), in Other. Rome in kon. 1 - it is grey. 3 centuries system of the state help to children of needy parents and fatherlesses; developed of the percents received from small-sized and mean landowners for issue by him{it} of loans by the state.

ALIMONY (from an armour. alimentum - nutrition, the content), a means which in statutory events one members of family are obliged to pay on the content other. Russian family the legislation establishes{sets} a circle of persons, having the right on the alimony, and also the faces obliged to their payment, the dimension and terms to maturity of the alimony. At failure{refusal} of voluntary payment the alimony can be collected through court.

ALIMZHANOV Anuar (Anuarbek) (1930-93), the Kazakh writer. Wrote in Russian. Stories " the Caravan goes to the sun " (1963), " Blue mountains " (1964) about a modernity; the historical story " Throne Rudaki " (1974); the historical trilogy " the Steppe echo " (" Boom Mahambeta ", 1969; "Gonets", 1974; " Recurring of the teacher ", 1979).

ALIMOV Alexander Fedorovich (r. 1933), the Russian aquatic biologist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; corresponding member AN the USSR with 1990). The main{basic} transactionses on a biological effeciency and stabilities of water ecosystems.

ALIMOV Mirzorahmat (1890/91-1971), the Tadjik master of ortamental paintings on a tree and reliefly - polihromnoj paintings kundal, the national artist of Tadjikistan (1959).

ALIMPY (is exacter Alipy) (?-1114), the old russian painter. Mosaics of Dormition fast Kievo-Pecherskoj laurels.

ALING-GANGRI (Nain-Synge), a backbone on a southwest of plateau of Tibet, in China. Ok. 600 kms. An altitude up to 7315 m. High-mountainous deserts; above 4500 m - icehouses.

ALI-PASHA TEPELENSKY (Ali Pashe Tepelena) (Ali-pasha JAninsky) (ok. 1744-1822), the Albanian feudal lord (austral Albania comes Tepeleny,), the governor (with 1787) parts Balkan p-ova (with the centre in. Yanin), achieving actual independence of the turkish anthurus. It is killed in war with anthurus Mahmudom II.

ALISOV Boris Pavlovich (1891-1972), Russian klimatolog, the doctor of geographycal sciences, the honored worker of science of Russia (1962). The professor of the Moscow State University (with 1941). The main{basic} transactionses on geographycal aspects of a climatology.

ALYSSUM (alyssum), stem of grasses of a set of a cruciferae family; the same, that a madwort. The title an alyssum is used in a flower growing.

ALITIZING (from a nem. alitieren, from Al - aluminium) (aluminizing), a saturation of a surface steel, etc. a metal goods aluminium for increase of heat-proofness (up to 1100 °S) and weather resistances.

ALITUS (Alytus) (up to 1917 official title Olita), city in Lithuania, on r. Njamunas. A depot. 74,9 thousand inhabitants (1990). Factories: refrigerators, machine-building, etc.; a food-processing industry, cotton combine, shvejn

ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS (from grech. aleiphar, a stem. Item aleiphatos - fat) (adipose connections, acyclic connections), organic compounds, in which molecules atoms of carbon will derivate "open{discovered}" linear (aliphatic compounds of a normal structure) or branched (aliphatic compounds izostroenija) circuits. Actuate hydrocarbon (napr., alkanes, olefines) and their derivative (napr., spirits, carboxylic acids, amines). Non-saturated, keeping multiple bonds (Ñ=Ñ, With º Ñ) are sectioned on saturated which contain only ordinary bonds (S-S), and. The main{basic} sources of hydrocarbon - petroleum and a natural gas, their derivative - vegetative and animal organisms.

ALIHANOV Abram Isaakovich (1904-70), Russian physics, academician AN the USSR (1943), the Hero Socialist Transactionses (1954). Brother A.I.Alihanjana. The founder and the director (with 1945) Institute of theoretical and experimental physics. Transactionses on nuclear physics and ultrarays. Under guiding Alihanova are built first in the USSR tjazhelovodnyj a nuclear reactor (1949), a booster with strong focusing up to 7 GeV (1961). The state premium of the USSR (1941, 1948, 1953).

ALIHANJAN Artem Isaakovich (1908-78), physics, corresponding member AN the USSR (1946), academician AN of Armenia (1943). Brother A.I.Alihanova. Transactionses on nuclear physics and ultrarays. The lenin premium (1970). The state premium of the USSR (1941, 1948).

ALIHANJAN Isaak Semenovich (1876-1946), the Armenian actor, the national actor of Armenia (1923) and Georgia (1941). On the scene with 1897, with 1922 at the Tbilisi Armenian theatre.

ALICYCLIC CONNECTIONS, the organic compounds keeping in molecules cycles (rings) from three or more atoms of carbon (except for aromatic compounds). Actuate hydrocarbon and their derivative, napr. Spirits, carboxylic acids, amines. Differ on figure of cycles in a molecule (mono-, bi-, three and polycyclic) and on character of the communications{connections} bridging atoms of carbon (saturated and non-saturated). In plenties are contained in petroleum. Examples of alicyclic connections - cyclopropane, cyclohexane, cyclohexanone, cyclohexanol. See also Naphthenes.

ALISH (an ice-film. fam. Alishev) Abdulla Barievich (1908-44), the tatar writer. Wrote for children (collections of verses; collections of stories "Swearing", 1935, " Maminy fairy tales ", 1940). Colleague M.Dzhalilja. It is executed by german fascists.

ALISHAHBANA (Alisjahbana) Cowls Takdir (r. 1908), the Indonesian writer. Educational novels: " Among continuous misfortunes " (1929), " Organized flags " (1936) about extirpation for emancipation of woman. The intellectual{intelligent} novel " the Sky fuselage spine fairing " (1970-71), the novel " Defeats and victories " (1978).

ALIJA (Alia) Ramiz (r. 1925), the president of Albania with 1991-92, in 1985-91 1-st secretary of a Central Committee of the Albanian consignment of transactionses. In 1949-55 1-st secretary of a Central Committee of Soyuz of labour youth of Albania.

ALKALIMETER AND ACIDIMETRY (from medieval an armour. alcali - alkali and an armour. acidus - sour and... metrija) (acid-base titration), methods of a qualitative analysis of the groundings and acids, founded on their neutralizing by a solution of the conforming acid or the grounding.

ALKALOSIS, the form of violation{disturbance} of acid-base equilibrium aside relative increase of quantity of alkaline cations.

ALKALOIDS (from medieval an armour. alcali - alkali and grech. eidos - a kind{view}), extensive group of nitrogen-bearing ring compounds primarily phytogenous. All alkaloids - nitrogen bases, which are categorized on chemical constitution (predominary on heterocycles included in their structure - to an indol, pyridine, quinoline, etc.), and also depending on a source of secretion. It is known ok. 10000 alkaloids; legumes, a poppy family, a nightshade family, a crowfoot family, a goosefoot family, a thistle family are especially affluent them. Alkaloids render physiological action on an organism animal and the person, predominary on nervous system due to what are applied in medicine (a caffeine, morphine, an ephedrine, alkaloids of an ergot, etc.) And in an agriculture for a pest control. The biological role of alkaloids in plants finally is not established{installed}; alkaloids can shadow plants from poedanija animal, minister the form of a storage of an organic nitrogen in tissues, etc.

ALKAMEN, the ancient greek sculptor 2-nd floor. 5 century up to n. e. Pupil Fidija. Soft studying a pleat of clothes{clothing}, revealed to a plastic of a body (" the Aphrodite in gardens ", it is known in copies).

ALKANES, the same, that saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons; see. Saturated compounds.

ALKAFOJ (Alkatoj), in the Grecian mythology megarsky the hero, son Pelopa and Gippodamii. Has killed a lion, rasterzavshego the son megarskogo tsar Megareja after that has received in the wife daughter Megareja Evehmu. In Megarah there was sanctuary{holy place} Alkafoja and games in his{its} honour - alkafoji were committed.

ALKEEVA the STANZA (goratsieva a stanza), in antique lyrics (Alkej, Goratsy) and its{her} imitations{simulations} a stanza from two 11-composite, the 9-composite and 10-composite verses logaedicheskogo structures (see. Logaedy).

ALKEJ (kon. 7 - 1-n a floor. 6 centuries up to n. e.), the ancient greek poet - lirik. In his{its} verses motives of a civil war (accepted with an item of the aristocrat), and also table fun prevail{dominate}. Has exerted influence on Goratsija.

ALKENES, the same, that olefines.