ALEKSENKO Vladimir Avramovich (r. 1923), doubly the Hero of Soviet Union (1945), the general - lieutenant of aircraft (1968). In Great Domestic war in an attack aviation, the deputy of the regiment commander; 292 sorties.

ALEKSIDZE Dmitry Aleksandrovich (1910-84), the Georgian producer, the national actor of the USSR (1976). With 1936 at the Georgian theatre him{it}. Rustaveli (with 1959 main producer), in 1964-71 at the Ukrainian theatre him{it}. Ex, with 1970 at the Georgian theatre him{it}. Mardzhanishvili.

ALEKSIEVICH Svetlana Aleksandrovna (r. 1948), the Byelorussian writer. Sketches on the basis of confessional stories of elapsed{past} women through war and children (kn. " For war not a women face ", 1984; " the Last witnesses ", 1985), the Soviet soldiers, to the bottom ispivshih cruelty and moral bespredel the Afghani war (the book " Zinc boys ", 1990).

ALEXIAS (in world Dorodnitsyn Anempodist JAkovlevich) (1859-1919), the Russian spiritual writer, diocesan Chistopolsky (with 1905), the rector of the Kazan spiritual academy. Compositions on probe juzhnorusskoj shtundy.

ALEXIAS (kon. 16 century), abbot Spaso-Gennadieva of a monastery, the pupil and the writer zhitija and a canon to Saint Gennady Kostromskomu.

ALEXIAS (in the world Molchanov Alexey Vasiljevich) (1853-1914), diocesan Taurian and Simferopol, exarch of Georgia (with 1913).

ALEXIAS I (Simansky Sergey Vladimirovich) (1877-1970), the patriarch Moscow and all Russia with 1945. In 1943-45 metropolitan Leningrad and Novgorod. Has headed peace-making motion of Russian orthodox church.

ALEXIAS II (Ridiger Alexey Mihajlovich) (r. 1929), the patriarch Moscow and all Russia with 1990. With 1964 archbishop Tallinn and Estonian, managing the Moscow patriarchy, the permanent member of Sacred synod. With 1968 metropolitan Tallinn and Estonian. With 1988 metropolitan Leningrad and Novgorod. One of outstanding figures of ecumenic movement. In 1964-87 president of the Conference of european churches (with 1987 chairman of its{her} Presidium). The academician of the Russian Academy of Science (1993).

ALEKSI-MESHISHVILI Vladimir Sardionovich (1857-1920), the Georgian actor, the producer, the teacher, the national actor of Georgia (1930, posthumously). On the scene with 1881. With 1890 producer, in 1890-96 and with 1910 chief of the Tbilisi theatre.

ALEXIN, city in the Russian Federation, the Tula region, landing stage on r. Oka. A depot. 74,2 thousand inhabitants (1991). Factory " Òÿæïðîìàðìàòóðà ", chemical combine, etc. The Study of local lore museum. It is known from 13 century.

ALEXIN Anatoly Georgievich (r. 1924), the Russian writer. Collections of stories and stories about the childhood and youthes in their communication{connection} with the world adult: " And in the meantime somewhere... " (1967), " Wash the brother "Afterthought" (1976), " the Third in the fifth number{series} " (1977), " Mad Evdokija " (1978), " Marshallers and buglers " (1985) plays on a clarnet " (1968), " Characters and initiators " (1975), etc. The State premium of the USSR (1978).

ALEXIS (Alexis) Jacque Stefan (1922-61), the haitian writer. Wrote in French. Novels " the Kind general the Sun " (1955), "Trees - musicians" (1957), the book of fairy tales " Romansero at a starlight " (1960). It is killed.

ALEXIA (from and - a negative prefix and grech. lexis - the word, speech), loss of ability to read or perceive read owing to a defeat of temporal - parietooccipital range of the left-handed hemisphere (for right-handed persons). Often combines{blends} with an aphasia and agraphia.

ALEKTRION (grech. The cock), in the Grecian mythology the young man - servant Aresa. Having fallen asleep, has not notified lovers Aresa and the Aphrodite about approach of day; in punishment it is transformed{turned into} into the cock.

ALELJUHIN Alexey Vasiljevich (r. 1920), doubly the Hero of Soviet Union (1943), the general - major of aircraft (1971). In Great Domestic war in a fighter aviation, the deputy of the regiment commander; 258 air breakages, has personally knocked down 40 and in group of 17 enemy aeroplanes.

ALEMAN-I-DE-ENERO (Aleman y de Enero) Mateo (1547 - ok. 1614), the spanish writer. The swindling novel " the Biography of cheat Gusman de Alfarache " (1599-1604).

ALEMANNY (shvaby), the German nation (from them - Swabia). In a number{series} of Romanesque tongues the word "alemanny" was saved as the name of Germans.

ALEMASOV Vyacheslav Evgenjevich (r. 1923), the Russian scientist, the academician of the Russian Academy of Science (1992). The main{basic} transactionses on probe thermodynamic and thermal properties of a combustion materials and aerothermochemical processes in energoustanovkah. The state premium of the USSR (1984, 1991).

ALAIN (Alain) (an ice-film. Name Emil SHartje) (1868-1951), the French thinker - essayist.

ALAIN (?-1670), predvoditelnitsa country order in area of. Temnikov in Country war 1670-71, nun from peasants. It is executed.

ALENKAR (Alencar) ZHoze Martinianu di (1829-77), the Brazilian writer - romantik. Novels "Guarani" (1857), "Irasema" (1865), "Ubirazhara" (1875) - about Indians; historical novels and dramas.

ALENTOVA Belief Valentinovna (r. 1942), the Russian actress, the deserved actress of Russia (1982). With 1965 in Moskovsk drama theatre him{it}. A.S.Pushkin, from the same year acts in film. The state premium of the USSR for a role in film " Moscow to teardrops does not believe " (1981), the State premium of RSFSR in ranges of motion picture arts - the premium to them. br. Vasiljevyh for a role in film " Time of desires " (1986). Ñíèìàëàcü in films: " Tomorrow there was a war " (1987), " the Groom from Miami " (1993), "SHirli-Myrli" (1995), etc.

ALAIN - FURNE (Alain-Fournier; an ice-film. A name and fam. Anri Alain Furnje) (1886-1914), the French writer. Roman " Major Moln " (1913) - a lyrical narration about youthful all-consuming and romantic perception of life. Verses, short stories, an essay in collection "Mirakl" (it is issued 1924).

ALESKOVSKY Valery Borisovich (r. 1912), the Russian chemist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; corresponding member AN the USSR with 1972). Has developed a fundamentals of synthesis of inorganic materials with the given a structure and properties.

ALESSANDRIA (Alessandria), city in the Sowing. Italy, an administrative centre prov. Alessandria. 97 thousand inhabitants (1985). A machine industry, aluminium, a chemical industry. Large manufacture of felt hats, jewels. An architectonic monument of 12-15 centuries.

ALESSI (Alessi) Galeatstso (1500 or 1512-1572), the italian architect. The representative of Serotinal{Late} Revitalization. Has created phylum of a palace with organized to the deep terrasnoj a composition enriched with ladders and arcades (palace Parodi in Genoa, 1567).

ALET, in the Grecian mythology descendant Gerakla who seized Corinth and has expelled therefrom of descendants Sizifa.

ALEUTIAN DEPRESSION, range of a low atmospheric pressure in boreal part Quiet ok., in area of Aleutian islands. Shows primarily in the winter.

ALEUTIAN ISLANDS (Aleutian Islands), in a north Quiet ok. (the USA, pieces. Alaska). Of 1740 kms are located on an arch in length. The area of 37,8 thousand êì2. The population of 7,5 thousand person. An altitude up to 2860 m. Ok. 25 active volcanoes. Luga and mountain tundra. Fishery (a cod, a halibut, a herring), production of sea cows, a seal. A main occupied point - Adak. Are open{discovered} in 18 century Russian morehodami. Up to 1867 belonged to Russia (the USA together with Alaska are sold).

The ALEUTIAN GUTTER, in boreal part Quiet ok., along austral submerged downslopes of Aleutian islands. St. 4000 kms, depth up to 7855 m.

ALEUTIAN BACKBONE, on Alaska, eastern prolongation of a patch of Aleutian islands. Volcanic cones an altitude up to 3108 m. of 10 active volcanoes (Katmaj, Iliamna, etc.).

ALEUTIAN TONGUE (ustar. unangansky), falls into to eskimossko-aleutian family paleoaziatskih tongues.

ALEUTS (the self-title - unangan), people, an aboriginal population of Aleutian islands and p-ova Alaska (USA) and islands Komandorskih (Russian Federation). An aggregate number of 3 thousand person (1990), including in the USA 2 t. Tongue aleutian. Believing basically orthodox.

ALEKHIN Vasily Vasiljevich (1882-1946), Russian geobotanies, the founder of the Moscow scientific school, the professor of the Moscow State University (with 1918). Transactionses on probe of vegetation of steppes of the European part of the USSR, theoretical problems of a geobotany. The writer of the tutorial "Phytogeography".

ALEHNOVICH Glebas Vasilyevich (1886-1918), the Russian pilot. With 1912 worked the pilot - verifier at Russko-Baltic carload factory in Petersburg, has placed{installed} a number{series} Record-type. During 1-st world war the commander of an airplane "Ilya Muromets". Has come over to on the party of the Soviet authority during October revolution. Has perished at downfall of an airplane.

ALECHSKY the ICEHOUSE (Aletschgletscher), the most major icehouse in the Alpes, in Switzerland. Length of 24,7 kms, the area 87 êì2. It is descended from austral downslopes of Bernese Alps. Tourism (special railways, cableways).

ALESH Mikolash (1852-1913), the Czech painter and the schedule{chart}. Patterns on istoriko-patriotic themes, boards for paintings of National theatre in Prague (1880-81), a case history to national songs; combined traditions of romanticism with features of the decorative stylization.

ALESHA POPOVICH, a bogatyr, the hero of Russian bylinas (" About breakage Aleshi Popovicha with Tugarinom ", " About exit road of bogatyrs from Rostov ").

ALYOSHIN Andrey Vasiljevich (1905-74), the Hero of Soviet Union (1945), the full gentleman of order of Glory (1944, 1945, 1945), the higher sergeant. In Great Domestic war the artilleryman, the commander of the instrument, participat in breakages near Moscow, at discharging Ukraine and Poland, in breakages in Pomerania.

ALYOSHIN (an ice-film. fam. Kotljar) Samuel Iosifovich (r. 1913), the Russian playwright. Plays "Director" (1950), " All remains to people " (1959), " the Eighteenth camel " (1983), etc. about the responsibility of the person before the native land, epoch; " All I shall not die... " (1989) about M.A.Bulgakov. The story in dialogues "Diplomat" (1977).

ALYOSHIN Tamara Grigorjevna (r. 1928), the singer (mezzo-soprano), the national actress of the USSR (1976). With 1958 at the Moldavian theatre of opera and ballet.

ALESHKI, the title of. TSjurupinsk up to 1928.

ALESHKOVSKY Juz (an ice-film. A name Joseph Efimovich) (r. 1929), the Russian writer. With 1979 in emigration. Started as the writer of books for children (" Two ticket on an electric train ", 1965, " Kysh, Two portfolios and the whole week ", 1970) and the initiator of natural songs (" Comrade Stalin, you the major scientist ", etc.). In satirical prose, originally rasprostranjavshejsja in samizdate (the story "Nikolay Nikolaevich", 1970, the novel "Kangoroo", 1974-75, etc.) - the plotting of marginal phylums from the lowest social layers; elements of a block type, a fantasy, the use of non-standard lexicon. Fervor of exposure of communism (the novel "Arm{Hand}", 1977-80), anti-Semitism ("Roundrobin", 1983), etc. Other books: " Sinenky modest platochek " (1982), " Mors in Moscow " (1985), " the Flea tango " (1986).

ALGERIA, Algerian National Democratic Republic (the arab. Al-Dzhumhurija al-Dzhazairija Democracy ash-SHaabija), the state in the Sowing. To Africa. 2381,7 thousand êì2. The population ok. 27 million person (1993), ok. 83 % - alzhirtsy, also berbery, Europeans. A urban population of 51,7 % (1990). The official language - Arabian. State religion - moslem faith. Administrative territorial division: 48 vilaj (provinces). Capital - Algeria. The chief of state - the president. The body of legislation - unicameral National public assembly. Algeria takes a central part of mountain range the Atlas and 1/4 part of desert of Sahara. A climate the Sowing. Algeria subtropical. Mean temperatures of January 5-12 °S, July 25 °S. A rainfall of 400-1200 mm annually. A climate of Sahara tropical, arid (less than 50 mm of a rainfall annually). Woods of a cork - oak (in mountains), semidesert and a desert vegetation. In 12 century up to n. e. In terrain of Algeria there were Phoenician settlements, in 3 century - the state Numidia. In 1 century up to n. e. - 5 century n. e. Under an authority of Rome. In 7 century it is conquered by arabs. In 1-st floor. 16 century has transfered under an authority of Ottoman empire. In 1711-1830 Algeria aboriginal governors (dei) - vassals of the turkish anthurus steered. As a result of capture by France Algeria (1830) Algeria has become its{her} colony (officially in 1834). Against colonialists in 1832-47 revolt under guiding Abd al-Kadira, in 1871-72 - Mukrani revolt has deployed. As a result of the national-liberation war 1954-62 headed by Front of national discharging (FNO, it is based in 1954), Algeria in 1962 has achieved independence. Up to 1989 consignment FNO - unique; the constitution 1989 has proclaimed transition to a multi-party system. Algeria - agrarian country with a developed mining industry. A lobe in a gross internal product (1990, %): an industry 37,7 (including a crude production and gas 17,7), an agriculture 14,9. The large part of an industrial output forms in a state sector. Cultivate primarily grain, a grape, vegetables, fruits. In oases - a date palm. Cultivate ovets, she-goats, a large horned stock, camels. Fishery. A crude production, gas, ores of non-ferrous metals and iron oxide. Flavoring, metal-working, oil refining, chemical, etc. the enterprises. Manufacture of the electric power 17,3 billion kVt.ch (1992). Length (1990, one thousand in km) railways 4,3, motorways 88. Main seaports: Bedzhaija, Arzeu, Algeria, Annaba, Oran. Export: petroleum, liquified gas, petroleum (ok. 98 % of cost), and also wine, fruits and vegetables, iron oxide, tobacco. The main{basic} foreign trade partners: France, Germany, Italy, the USA, Japan. Monetary unit - algerian dinar.

ALGERIA (the arab. Al-Dzhazair), capital, the economic and cultural centre of Algeria, an administrative centre vilaji Algeria. 1,5 million inhabitants (1987). A port on Mediterranean m. An international airport. A machine industry, alimentary, textile, chemical, a petroleum industry. Underground railway. University. It is based in 10 century at-sight debris of small Roman settlement Ikozium. In 1830-1962 administrative centre of the French colony Algeria. Kasba-strength (turkish time), the Major mosque (1096) with a minaret (1323), etc.

ALZHIRTSY, arabs of Algeria, people, the main{basic} population of Algeria (21,2 million person). An aggregate number 22,2 million person (1992), including in France 820 thousand person. Tongue Arabian. Believers - moslems - sunnity.

ALZAMAJ, city (with 1955) in the Russian Federation, Irkutsk region. A depot. 9,1 thousand inhabitants (1992). A forest industry.