ABSOLUTE (from an armour. absolutus), 1) irrelative, unconditional. 2) Perfect, full (napr., the absolute rest).

ABSOLUTE ZERO of temperature, zero reference datum of temperature on a thermodynamic temperature scale. The absolute zero is located on 273,16 °S below temperature of triple point of water for which the value 0,01 °S is accepted. The absolute zero is essentially unattainable (see. Nernsta the theorem).

PERFECT PITCH, see in an item. Ear the musical.

ABSORPTION (from an armour. absorbeo - I capture{absorb;imbibe;occlude}), a volume absorption of gases or steams{vapours} a liquid (absorbent) with education of a solution. In an industry execute in absorbers (ustar. - scrubbers), having a developed contact surface of an absorbent with captured{absorbed;imbibed;occluded} substance.

ABS-PLASTIC, crashproof plastic on the basis of copolymer of acrylonitrile with a butadien and styrol. It is applied in manufacture of bodies of a wireless and teleinstrumentation, component parts of automobiles{cars}, refrigerators, furniture.

ABSTINENT SET OF SYMPTOMS, the painful condition developing for drug addicts at the arrest of method of a junk (alcohol for ill alkogolizmom - t. n. A set of symptoms of a hang-over).

ABSTINENCE (an armour. abstinentia), full forbearance from something, napr. From the use of alcoholic drinks, tobacco.

The ABSTRACT ART (abstractionism, pointless art, not imaging art), set{combination} of directions in from - crop of 20 century changing naturalistic, easily recognized concreteness more or less loose game of lines, paints and forms (the scene and a subject are only guessed, symbolically are implied or peter generally). Since the old days pointless creativity existed{breathed} by the way a decorative pattern or non-finito, but only in the off-the-shelf history was issued in the special aesthetic program. Among ancestors of the abstract art - V.V.Kandinsky, K.S.Malevich, P.Mondrian, masters orfizma. There were some his{its} versions: geometrical abstraction, the abstract ekspressionizm, informel, tashizm, postpicturesque abstraction.

The ABSTRACT EKSPRESSIONIZM, a version of the abstract art. Has arisen under influence of surrealism with his{its} idea of " the automatic letter ". It was most brightly exhibited in painting - in the loose compositions created by large, impulsive Unguentum, sometimes - in technique of " painting of action " (English action painting) when the certificate{act} of the hagiographa of a pattern turned to peculiar performance. The American version of the abstract ekspressionizma, usual in 1940th (is most known for A.Gorki, Â. de Kuning, to R.Mozervell, Dzh. Pollock). European analogs of the abstract ekspressionizma often mean concept tashizma.

ABSTRACTION (from an armour. abstractio - an abstraction) (abstract), the form of knowledge, founded on imaginary secretion of essential properties and communications{connections} of a subject and an abstraction from other, his{its} private{individual} properties and communications{connections}; general concept - as outcome of process of abstraction; a synonym "imaginary", "conceptual". The main{basic} phylums of abstraction: isolating{insulating} abstraction (dividing into parts probed the phenomena from some wholeness), extending abstraction (producing the generalized pattern the phenomena), idealization (replacement substantial empirical the phenomena the idealized scheme). The concept "abstract" is contrasted concrete. See. Climbing from the abstract to concrete.

NONSENSE (from an armour. absurdus - absurd), nonsense, absurdity.

NONSENSE the DRAMA, flow in Western-European dramatic art and theatre 2-nd floor. 20 century. Represents the world as nonsense. Maps pessimism, uncommunicativeness, a presentiment of death. Acts, speeches of characters are alogical, the plot is collapseed. Creators - S.Bekket, E.Ionesko (France).

ABSCESS (an armour. abscessus - an abscess, an abscess), a restricted clump of pus in tissues or organs owing to their inflammation with fusion of tissues and education of a cavity. Develops it is acute, with a pain, temperature rise, violation{disturbance} of function of an organ; demands surgical treatment.

ABSTSIZOVAJA the ACID, the hormone of plants regulating processes of a wilting, a defoliation, dormancy. Growth of plants inhibits{brakes}. On a chemical nature isoprenoid.

ABSCISSA (from an armour. abscissa - severed), one of Cartesian axials of a point, routinely first, meant by x character.

ABU BEKR (572-634), the first caliph (with 632) in Arabian halifate. One of the nearest spodvizhnikov Mohammed.

ABU BEKR KELEVI (?-1366), the handicraftsman, the leader of revolt serbedarov (1365-1366) in Samarkand. It is executed.

ABU MUSLIM (ok. 727-755), the leader of revolt 747-750 in Khurasan against Omejjadov, reduced in authority Abbasidov. It is killed under the order abbasidskogo caliph al-Mansura, afraid influence Abu Muslima.

ABU NUVAS (between 762-813), the Arabian poet. Love and gedonicheskaja lyrics.

ABU to TAMMS (ok. 796-843), the Arabian poet. Elegicheskie, panegyrical, satirical verses. The maker of the anthology of Arabian poetry.

ABU FIRAS (932-967), the Arabian poet. Verses on military exploits, love lyrics, patriotic elegii.

ABU HANIFA the HELL - DINAVERI (? - ok. 895), the Arabian philologist, the naturalist, the historian. " The book about poetry and poets ", " the Book about eloquence ", " the Book about plants ", the historical composition " the Book of the lengthy informations ".

ABU SHADI Ahmed Zaks (1892-1955), the Arabian writer (Egypt), the philologist. Collections of lyrical verses " Dews at dawn " (1910), " Visions of spring " (1933), plays in verses, historical stories; transactionses on Arabian poetics.

ABU JUSUF (731-798), the Arabian writer " Books about podati " - a source on a socio economic history Arabian halifata in 7-8 centuries.

ABU-BAKAR (an ice-film. fam. Abakarov) Ahmedhan (1931-91), darginsky the writer, the national writer of Dagestan (1969). Stories about life of the modern Dagestan: " Darginskie girls " (1958), " the Necklace for mine Serminaz " (1965), " the Sun in " the Nest of an eagle " (1975), " Mum, zazhgi the sun " (1983). Verses (the collection " Love a turquoise color ", 1982). Plays.

ABU-DABI (Abu-Zabi), capital (temporary) Consolidated Arab Emirates. St. 363 thousand inhabitants (1989). A port in Persian a hall. An international airport. Production and petroleum refining. Fishery.

ABU-DABI (Abu-Zabi), emirat (principality) in structure of Consolidated Arab Emirates. The area ok. 67 thousand êì2. The population of 722 thousand person (1988). Main city - Abu-Dhabi.

ABUDZHA (Abuja), the capital of Nigeria (with 1991) is constructed in a central part of country. 298 thousand inhabitants (1993). The solution on transmission of capital from Lagos in Abudzhu is accepted in 1976.

ABUKARA (Abu-Korre) Theodore (8-9 centuries), diocesan of. Harran in Mesopotamia, the pupil over. John Damascene, the writer of apologetic compositions against heretics and moslems.

ABOUKIR, island and headland in delta of Nile (Egypt). About Aboukir 1-2.8.1798 during Egyptian expedition of Napoleon Bonaparte the English fleet (rear admiral G.Nelson) has routed the French fleet, and Bonaparte army has appeared severed in Egypt from France.

ABULADZE Tengiz Evgenjevich (1924-94), the Georgian film director, the national actor of the USSR (1980). Worked at studio " Gruzija-film ". Allegorical meaning, plastic expressiveness, cinema skilfulness acquired the increasing value in creativity Abuladze from early films (" Lurdzha Magdany ", 1955, together with R.D.Chheidze, " I, the grandmother, Iliko and Illarion ", 1963), before more mature activities ("Entreaty", 1968, " Drevo desires ", 1977), having reached{achieved} the best expression in "Repentance" (1987) - one of the first domestic antitotalitarian films. The lenin premium (1988).

ABULIJA (from and... - a negative prefix and grech. bule - will), painful lack of will, absence of desires and drives{excitings} to activity.

ABULHAJR (1693-1748), the Kazakh khan Junior zhuza, commanding the Kazakh home guard in extirpation with dzhungarami in 1720th. In 1731 has was naturalized Russian citizenship, than it was necessary started to apposition of Kazakhstan to Russia.

ABULHAJR (1412-68), the Uzbek khan (with 1428) from stem Dzhuchi. Has based in terrain from Siberia up to the Cheese - Darji the state of nomad tribes which has broken up after his{its} mors. Has sufferred a defeat from Kalmyks.

ABU-L-ALA al-Maarri, see. Maarri.

ABU-L-VEFA Mohammed ibn Mohammed (940-998, under other data, 997), the Arabian astronomer and mathematician from Khurasan. The commentator of transactionses of the Grecian mathematicians probeed motion of moon.

ABU-L-GAZI Bahadur-khan (1603-63), the Uzbek writer and the historian. Khivan khan. Books " Parentage drevo turkis " and " Parentage the Turkmen " - valuable literary and historical sources.

ABU-L-FARADZH (a literary name Grigory John Bar-Ebrej) (1226-86), the syrian writer, the scientist. The chapter monofisitov. Transactionses on medicine, histories, philosophy, grammar. " The book of entertaining histories " moralizing and satirical character.

ABU-L-FARADZH AL-ISFAHANI (897-967?), the Arabian writer, the scientist, the musician. Transactionses on an ancient history, philology. The maker of the fundamental anthology Arabian and arabojazychnoj poetry of 7-10 centuries " the Book of songs ".

ABU-L-FIDA (1273-1331), the Arabian historian and the geographer. Compositions on an overall history (up to 1329) and geography in tables with coordinates of districts.

"ABUMUSLIMNAME", persian " the national novel " 11-13 centuries. Collection of legends, the bound with name Abu Muslima, popular in Iran, Turkey, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Compare. Asia.

ABUNG (self-title), people in Indonesia. Number of 300 thousand person (1992). Tongue lampung. Believers - moslems - sunnity.

ABU-SAFA, an oil deposit in Saudi Arabia, in aquatory Persian a hall. (Persian gulf oil-and-gas-bearing basin). It is open{discovered} in 1963. Deposits on depth ok. 2000 m. Reserves 561 million t. Firmness of petroleum of 0,88 g / sm3.

ABU-SIMBEL, district on western coast of Nile (Egypt). 2 rocky drevneegipetskih a temple 1-st floor. 13 century up to n. e. Statues, reliefs. On a front of a main temple of 4 sitting colossuses Ramsesa II (at construction Asuanskoj of a dam are transferred in 1967 on a rock for a wash of the river).

The ABKHAZIAN UNIVERSITY, Sukhumi, is based in 1979 on the basis the Sukhumi pedagogical institute (it is built in 1932). Plots experts on philology, histories, to the right, biology, geography, economy, physics, mathematics, etc. In 1991 over 3,8 thousand students.

The ABKHAZIAN TONGUE, falls into to the Caucasian (iberijsko-Caucasian) tongues (abhazsko-adygskaja group). Writing on the basis of the Russian alphabet.

ABHAZSKO-ADYGSKIE TONGUES, western group of the Caucasian (iberijsko-Caucasian) tongues. Will consist from Abkhazian, Abasin, adygejskogo, kabardino-Circassian, ubyhskogo tongues.

The ABKHAZIAN REVOLT, July 1866, country motion in Abkhazia. Ok. 20 thousand participants. It is suppressed{quenched} by a troops.