AVRORIN Eugeny Nikolaevich (r. 1932), the Russian scientist, the Hero Socialist Transactionses (1967), the academician of the Russian Academy of Science (1992). Transactionses on equations of state and thermonuclear fusion. The lenin premium (1963).

AVSEENKO Vasily Grigorjevich (1842-1913), the Russian writer, the critic, the journalist. Actual public problems in novels and stories ("At the crossroads", 1870; "Milky Way", 1875-76; "Gnashing of teeth", 1878; " Malicious spirit ", 1881). Stories, sketches, feuilletons. Literary - critiques.

AVSON, see. Avzon.

AVSTRAZIJA (Austrasia), eastern part frankskogo the states Merovingov. In 6-7 centuries it was from time to time isolated in a do-it-yourself kingdom.

AUSTRALIAN DEPRESSION, range of the under atmospheric pressure above a north of Australia and the south It is new. Guinea. It is stipulated by the strong heating of a surface of the land, especially in the summer.

AUSTRALIAN RAMP, dokembrijskaja a ramp occupying western and central parts of Australia and an austral part It is new. Guinea. Arhejsko-nizhneproterozojsky the base is combined meta-morfizovannymi by effusive rocks, gneises and granites; a verhneproterozojsko-paleozoic sedimental volva - terrigene, calcareous and vulkanogennymi breeds (platobazaltami).

AUSTRALIAN STRAIN, see. Avstraloidnaja strain.

AUSTRALIAN TONGUES, tongues of an aboriginal population of Australia, except for Papuan tongue of miriam and tasmanijskih tongues. The genetic affinity{proximity} of australian tongues is not proved. Total number of tongues (because of essential toe-outs between dialects) estimates from 200 up to 600. Many tongues have vanished or peter.

AUSTRALIAN MAJOR BAY, in Indian ok., for an austral coast of Australia. 1335 thousand êì2. Depth up to 5670 m. A port - Adelaida.

AUSTRALIAN MERINO, breed tonkorunnyh ovets, it is introduced in 18 century in Australia. Length of a wool of 7,5-10 sm, has clipped from rams of 5,5-6,5 kg, from wombs of 4-5 kg. Cultivate in many countries.

The AUSTRALIAN FLORAL REIGN, takes Australia and contiguous islands. The flora of an australian floral reign, which nucleus compounds{makes} ancient golantarkticheskaja a flora, actuates ok. 1500 stems of plants (30 % of stems and 80 % of kinds{views} - endemics). In a plant cover acacias and eucalyptuses dominate, the major role is played by numerous representatives of a set of a myrtle family (ok. 1300 kinds{views}), pod-bearing plants (ok. 1500), a sedge family (530), and also an orchid family, a rue family, sterkulievyh, etc.

AVSTRALIJTSY, an aboriginal population of Australia. In 170 thousand person (1992.) are largely exterminated by colonialists. In tongue and racial attitude{relation} compound{make} special group. Believers - presviteriane and roman catholics, are saved traditional cults. Sometimes avstralijtsami call all population of Australia (see. Anglo-avstralijtsy).

AUSTRALIA (Australia), Australian Soyuz (Commonwealth of Australia), the state in Austral hemisphere, on mainland Australia, about. Tasmania and accumbent islands. 7,7 million êì2. The population 17,6 million person (1993), basically descendants of migrants from the Great Britain and Ireland. Native persons of 1,5 %, basically in depth areas. A urban population of 85,4 % (1986). The official language - English. The majority of believers - christians. Australia - the constitutional monarchy. Enters into Commonwealth. Under the form of the state structure - federation in structure of 6 staffs and 2 terrains. Capital - Canberra. The chief of state - queen of the Great Britain, introduced the general - governor. The body of legislation - two-chamber parliament (the House of Representatives and the Senate). A nature - see in an item. Australia (mainland). Up to it is grey. 19 century. Australia was used by the Great Britain as a place of the reference. With it is grey. 19 century. (with discovering gold, development of a sheep raising) the torrent of migrants from the Great Britain, achieving self-management for separate areas of country has increased. On January, 1 1901 the federation of 6 former English colonys which have received the rights of dominion is built. After 2-nd world war the economic and political role of Australia in Asian - pacific locale has amplified. Australia - industrial - agrarian country high-level development of market economy. A lobe in a gross internal product (1991-1992, %): an industry 29,6, village, a forestry and fishery 3,2. Get{procure} iron oxide (115 million t in 1991), bauxites, ilmenite, rutile, bismuth, lead, zinc, a nickel, uranium, a tungsten, gold, silver, stone and brown coal, petroleum, a natural gas. Manufacture of the electric power 157 billion kVtCHch (1991). Black and nonferrous machine industry (a refining of zinc, copper refining, aluminium, oil refining and a petrochemical industry. Are most developed: Machine industry (automotive industry, electrotechnical and radio electronic, stanko-and a locomotive engineering), chemical (manufacture of sulfuric acid, a superphosphate, synthetic rubber, plastics materials), a food-processing industry, which production (meat, a meal, canned milk, oil{butter}, etc.) Goes primarily for export. An agriculture vysokotovarno. The large landholding overtops{prevails}. Ok. 2/3 cost of agricultural production are given with animal husbandry. On a livestock ovets (148 million in 1991/92, predominary merino) and to a wool clip (1,1 million t in 1991/92) Australia takes one of master places in the world. Cultivated lands - ok. 6 % of terrain, meadows and pastures - 59 %, ok. 1/2 ploughland under wheat (the tax 15,7 million t in 1991/92). A fruit growing and wine growing. Length (1991, one thousand in km) railways 37,3, motorways 810. The tonnage of a marine merchant marine fleet 3,8 million t deadweight (1992). Primary ports: Sydney, Melbourne, Fremantle, Newcastle. Export: agricultural production (a wool, wheat, meat, oil{butter}, a cheese), mineral raw materials (ore of non-ferrous metals, mineral coal, iron oxide, bauxites). The main{basic} foreign trade partners: Japan, the USA, countries of European Economic Community, It is new. Zealand. Monetary unit - australian dollar

AVSTRALO-ASIAN MEDITERRANEAN the PEST, non-proprietary name of seas between Asia and Australia, in a western part Quiet ok. A gross area ok. 8 million êì2. The largest starving: Southern - Chinese, JAvanskoe, Sulawesi, Sulu, Molukkskoe, etc.

AVSTRALO-ANTARCTIC HOLLOW, submerged hollow in a southeast Indian ok., bliz Antarctica. In a north and the orient it is limited to Avstralo-antarctic raising, in the south a continental slope of Antarctica, in the west submerged hr. Kerguelen. Length of 4500 kms, width of 1500 kms; prevailing{dominating} depths of 4000-5000 m, the greatest - 6089 m (bliz hr. Kerguelen).

AVSTRALO-ANTARCTIC RAISING, submerged raising in a southeast part Indian ok., bridging an austral part Central - indian hr. With Southern - pacific raising. Length ok. 6000 kms, width up to 800 kms, a critical depth above a crest of 1145 m.

AVSTRALOIDNAJA the STRAIN (australian strain), enters in major equatorial (negro-avstraloidnuju) strain. The dark leather, broad naze, a prognathism, a corrugated hair, the strong growth of a hair on a face and a body are characteristic. It is distributed in Australia, JUzh. Asia and Oceania. Many anthropologists secrete australian strain in do-it-yourself major strain.

AVSTRALOPITEKI (from an armour. australis - austral and grech. pithekos - the monkey), the required maximum humanoid primates moved on two legs. Finds of skeleton residues in the south and the orient Africa (zindzhantrop, etc.) are numerous. Lived ok. 3 million flying back.

The AUSTRIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, is based in 1847 in Vienna. In 1991 ok. 120 full members, over 70 corresponding members, 20 honorary members, 16 institutes, ok. 40 scientific commissions.

The AUSTRIAN SCHOOL in political economy. Has arisen in 80th of 19 century in Austria (K.Menger, E.Bem-Baverk, F.Vizer, etc.). In 20th of 20 its{her} century preemnitsej " the pullet{young man} Austrian school " (L.Mizes, F.Hayek, G.Haberler, etc.) has become. A basic element of the theory of the Austrian school - the doctrine about limiting{marginal} utility (see. Limiting{marginal} utility the theory). Similar rules{situations;positions} have been pushed U.Dzhevonsom and A.Marshallom (Great Britain), L.Valrasom (Switzerland), Dzh. B.Clark (USA). Philosophy of the Austrian school are developed in theory a limit of efficiency (see. Productivity{output} of the theory).

The AUSTRIAN NATIONAL BANK (Osterreichische Nationalbank), a state central bank of Austria. It is based in 1922.7 branches. The sum of assets 223 billion Austrian schillings (181 billion dol. The USA) (kon. 1980th).

The AUSTRIANS (the self-title - esterrajher), people, the main{basic} population of Austria (7,15 million person). An aggregate number 8,8 million person (1992). Live also in the USA (1270 thousand person), Germany (180 thousand person), Canada (40 thousand person), etc. countries. Tongue - german. Roman catholics believing main{basic}.

AUSTRIA, the Austrian Republic (Republik Osterreich), the state in Center. To Europe, in a bass. Danube. 83,8 thousand êì2. The population 7,9 million person (1993), 98 % - the Austrians. A urban population of 64,5 % (1991). The official language - german. The majority of believers - roman catholics. Austria - federation in structure of 9 grounds, including. Vienna, capital of Austria. The chief of state - the president. The body of legislation - two-chamber parliament (National advice{council} and Federal advice{council}). A large part of terrain take Vost. The Alpes (a peak level - mountain Grosglokner, 3797 ì) and their piedmonts; low plain across Danube. St. 2/5 terrains - mountain forests; above - meadows. A climate moderate, continental, in the west the wet; mean temperatures of January from-1 up to-4 °C, July 15-18 °C. A rainfall of 500-900 mm annually, in mountains up to 2000 mm. The rivers a bass. Danube, an eskar. Nojzidler-Ze, Bodenskoe. Reservations: Nojzidlerze-Zevinkel, Karvendelbirge, etc. In 6-7 centuries. The terrain of Austria was occupied German and in part with slavonic nations. With 1156 Austria - duchy (with 1453 ertsgertsogstvo). In 1282 in Austria were affirmed Gabsburgi. Since 16 century. Austria has become the political centre formed in conditions{situation} of approach of Ottoman empire on JUgo-Vost. Europe multinational monarchy Gabsburgov (16-18 centuries included Czechia, Silesia, Hungary, a part Polish, zapadnoukrainskih, juzhnoslavjanskih, italian, etc. grounds). In kon. 18 - nach. 19 centuries. Austria (with 1804 - the Austrian empire) participat in wars with France, in building in 1815 Sacred unions. Austria combated Prussia for hegemony in Germany, ended in a defeat of Austria in avstro-Prussian war 1866. In 1867 Austrian empire is converted to a two-unified monarchy - Austria-Hungary. In 1888 the Social-democratic party of Austria was formed. In 1-st world war Austria-Hungary participat in the union with Germany. Austria-Hungary in kon. 1918 has broken up, on its{her} debris the states - Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia are built; parts of terrain were part of Yugoslavia, Poland, Romania, Italy. On November, 12 1918 Austria is professed by republic. Sen-ZHermensky the peace treaty 1919 has defined{determined} its{her} modern borders{limits}. In March 1938 fascist troops occupied Austria; its{her} apposition to Germany (anshljus) is professed. In the spring 1945 Austria has been free of fascist domination. She has been temporarily occupied by a troops of the USSR, the USA, the Great Britain and France; the end of occupation has put the State agreement for restoration of independent and democratic Austria (1955). In October 1955 Austrian parliament has passed the law on the permanent neutrality of Austria. In 1945-66 the authority had coalition governments of the Austrian people party (ANP; it is based in 1945 on the basis 19 century built in 80th. Hristiansko-social consignment) and Socialist party of Austria (SPA), in 1966-1970 - government ANP, in 1970-83 - government of SPA, in 1983-86 - government of SPA and the Austrian consignment of freedom (it is based in 1955), since January 1987 - government of SPA and ANP. Austria - one of most economically developed countries of Europe. St. 20 % of an industrial output forms in a state sector (metallurgical, mining branches, energetics). The role of the capital of Germany is great. A lobe in a runway (1991, %): an industry, including construction, 36,3, village and a forestry 2,8. Production of iron oxide, a magnesite, brown coal, petroleum, black lead, zinc-lead and tungsten ores. Manufacture of the electric power 51,1 billion kVt·ch (1992), including over 2/3 on a river plant. Are most developed: a machine industry (transport, agricultural, electrical industry), iron and steel industry (4,3 million t steel, 3,7 million. t hire in 1990), manufacture of aluminium, chemical, pulp and paper, wood-working, textile, kozhevenno-boot, a tailoring industry. The agriculture is intensive and vysokotovarno; the large landholding prevails{dominates}. Master branch - a dairy husbandry. A livestock (1991, one million) a large horned stock 2,6, pigs 3,7. A poultry breeding. Cultivate wheat, barley, sugar-beet, feed crops. A fruit growing and wine growing. Length (1992, one thousand in km) railways 6,7, motorways 125. Main river harbors: Linz, Vienna. Export: machines and the equipment, the textile and sewing goods, a paper, forest products, shoe, the foodstuffs, the electric power. The main{basic} foreign trade partners: Germany, etc. countries of European Economic Community. Foreign tourism (ok. 15 million hours annually). Monetary unit - an Austrian schilling.

AVSTROAZIATSKIE TONGUES (austroaziatskie), family of the tongues distributed in JUgo-Vost. And JUzh. Asia. Actuates groups of tongues: semang-sakaj (aslianskuju), vjetmyongskuju, the mon-khmer, palaung-va, nikobarskogo tongue, tongue khasi, munda, nagali tongues.

AVSTRO-HUNGARY in 1867-1918 dualistic (two-unified) monarchy led by the Austrian emperor (he the Hungarian king). It is built as a result of transformation{conversion} of the Austrian empire Gabsburgov on the basis of agreement 1867 between Austria and Hungary adjudicated, as well as Austria, a sovereign part of the state. It was divided into the Austrian empire (or TSislejtaniju) and the Kingdom of Hungarians (or Translejtaniju). Has broken up in 1918.

AVSTRO-ITALO-FRANTSUZSKAJA WAR 1859, Piedmont (one of the italian states) and France against Austria holding under the domination the Lombardo-venetian region. The main{basic} battles for Madzhenty (on June, 4) and Solferino (on June, 24) have concluded a defeat of the Austrian troops. Under the Zurich agreements (on November, 10 1859) Piedmont has received from Austria Lombardy, and under Turin agreement 1860 France from Piedmont (for rendering to him the help) - Savoy and Nice.

AVSTRO-ITALIAN WAR 1848-1849, for discharging of the italian states of the Austrian domination; began during revolutions in the italian states 1848-49. After defeats of italian army at Kustotse (on July, 25 1848), for Mortary (on March, 21 1849) and Novara (on March, 23 1849) the Austrian troops again occupied the Lombardo-venetian region free from under authority Gabsburgov during italian revolution.

AVSTRO-ITALIAN WAR 1866, national-liberation war of Italy against the Austrian domination, for completion of association of country. The main{basic} battles - at Kustotse (on June, 24) and about. Lissa (on July, 20) - have concluded a defeat of an italian troops. It was led simultaneously with avstro-Prussian war 1866. Has concluded armistice on August, 10; on the Austrian world (on October, 3) the Venetian region headed out from Austria to the Italian kingdom.

AVSTROMARKSIZM, ideological and the political trend which has been usual in nach. 20 century in the Austrian social democracy (K.Renner, O.Bauer, Ì. and F.Adlery, R.Gilferding, etc.). For avstromarksizma the reformism are characteristic, attempt to bridge marxism with neokantianstvom, the program of a cultural - national autonomy. Between two world wars "avstromarksistskoj" called all Austrian social-democratic party which aspired{tried} to take a special intermediate item between social-democratic and communist motions. Some items avstromarksizma have found reflectance in program documents (1947, 1958, 1978) Socialist party of Austria.

AVSTRONEZIJSKIE TONGUES, the family of tongues traditionally subdivided into 4 groups: Indonesian, Polynesian, melanezijskie and mikronezijskie tongues. The nucleus of family avstronezijskih tongues calls as malajsko-Polynesian tongues. In the modern gradings avstronezijskie tongues of Taiwan are contrasted remaining avstronezijskim to tongues among which it is secreted okeanijskaja (vostochnoavstronezijskaja) a branch.

AVSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR 1866, has finished for the benefit of Prussia its{her} extirpation with Austria for supremacy among the German states. Began on June, 16 encroachment into Hannover, Giessen and Saxony of a troops of Prussia supplying{ensuring} due to the secret military agreement encased in April with Italy, performance{statement} last against Austria (see is simultaneous. Avstro-italian war 1866). Decisive battle of avstro-Prussian war in area Sadovy (on July, 3) has concluded full rout of the Austrian army. Under the Prague peace treaty Austria has recognized dissolution of the German union, having agreed to " the new device of Germany " (without sharing{participation} Austria), and promised to recognize the new union of the German states northward from r. Main led by Prussia (the Severo-German union).

AVSTROSLAVIZM, the program of a reorganization of the Austrian empire (about 1867 Austria-Hungarys) in a federative state under authority Gabsburgov, put forward in Czechia since 40th of 19 century up to nach. 1-st world war.

AVSTRO-TURKISH WARS of 16-18 centuries, primarily for boreal part Balkan p-ova and terrain of the Hungarian kingdom. Have begun osadoj Turks of Vienna (1529). Grand total of avstro-turkish wars 1540-47, 1551-62, 1566-68, 1660-64 was section of grounds of the Hungarian kingdom. War 1683-99 has ended in the defeat of Ottoman empire marked by an antiturkish coalition (Austria, Poland, Venice, with 1686 and Russia), and its{her} large territorial loss in Europe (see. Karlovitsky a congress 1698-99), as well as war 1716-18 (see in an item. Pozharevatskie peace treaties 1718). Avstro-turkish wars 1737-39 and 1788-90 (were interlaced with russko-turkish wars 1735-39 and 1787-1791) are as a whole not successful for Austria (has returned to Ottoman empire a part of Serbia and Walachia).

AVSJUK Grigory Aleksandrovich (1906-88), the Russian fiziko-geographer, academician AN the USSR (1984). Transactionses on probe of a temperature schedule of icehouses. The chief (with 1956) the Soviet glaciological probes under international programs.

AUTARCHY (from grech. autarkeia - self-satisfaction), building of a selfcontained economy within the framework of separate country.

AVTITSY Nikopolsky (Armenian) (mind{wit}. ok. 319), one of a magpie of five Christian martyrs damaged in Nikopol Armenian in the persecution of emperor Litsinija. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on July, 10 (23).

AVTITSY Nikopolsky (Armenian) (mind{wit}. ok. 319), one of a magpie of five Christian martyrs damaged in Nikopol Armenian in the persecution of emperor Litsinija. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on July, 10 (23).

AVTOBANK, the Russian joint-stock business bank of development of motor industry. It is based in 1988, Moscow. Branches in N.Novgorode, Vladimir, Krasnoyarsk, Kazan, Izhevsk. An ownership capital of 1,607 bln. rbl. (1997).

The AUTOBIOGRAPHY (from avto... And the biography), a prosaic genre, the description of natural life; it is close to memoirs, but it is more concentrated on the personality and an inner life of the writer (" Was{Former} and a duma " by A.I.Gertsena).

AUTOMATIC LOCK-OUT railway, a traffic regulating system of trains on signals of the automatic traffic signals working under influence of trains (by means of the electrical signals passing on rails).

AUTOMATIC LOCK-OUT, automatic change of a mode of behavior of the machine, the device, system (down to a full stop), called by sudden violation{disturbance} of normal conditions of their operation; set{combination} of the means automatically executing such change of a mode. It is applied to protection of staff at originating emergencies, for an avoidance of extension{issue} of spoilage at discord and breakage of the technological machine, for good safety motions.

The BUS from avto (mobile) and (omni) a glass bead, multipiece (9-170 passengers) the automobile{car} with a body primarily carload type. For urban buses a top speed not less than 70 km/h, for interurban not less than 100 km/h. Length of microbuss less than 5 m, and the jointed buses and bus trains up to 24 m.

ROAD SERVICE STATION, see in an item. Passenger depot.

AUTOWAVES, one of kinds{views} samopodderzhivajushchih waves in the active mediuims keeping internal sources of power. Autowaves represent spreading mud processes of self-oscillations in the widespread vibratory systems. Examples of autowaves: vibratory chemical changes in reactive medium, burning, a contact catalysis, distribution{propagation} of exaltations in the systems keeping biological membranes, etc.

AUTOGAMY (from avto... And grech. gamos - spoilage), 1) an autogamy and an autogamy for higher plants, napr., for wheat. 2) the Autogamy for unicells (interflow of two nucleus), napr., for Diatoms, some Protozoa.

AUTOGENESIS (from avto... And... A genesis), the doctrine explaining evolution of organisms by action only of internal incorporeal factors (" a principle of perfecting ", "growing energy", etc.). The autogenesis is close to a vitalism. Compare. Ektogenez.

The SELF-EXCITED OSCILLATOR (self-excited generator), produces the electrical (electromagnetic) oscillations bolstered as a result of feed of a part of an ac voltage from an output of a self-excited oscillator on his{its} orifice (on the reaction circuit). It is applied, napr., in radio transmitters.