AZOTEMIJA (from nitrogen and grech. haima - blood), the exuberant content in blood of nitrogen-bearing products of a protein metabolism (a urea, uric acid, a creatinine, etc.) at renal diseases, reinforced disintegration of histic proteins, sharp reduction of a chloride content, etc.

NITRATION, saturation nitrogen of a surface of a metal goods (primarily steel and titanium) for increase of hardness, wear-resistance, fatigue{endurance} limit, rust resistance.

The NITROUS YPRITES, group of organic substances of general formula RN (CH2CH2Cl) 2, where R - CH3, C2H5, ÑH2CH2Cl; on obshchejadovitomu and to the strong blistering effect are analogous to yprite. Some derivative the nitrous yprites, suppressing cell-like division, apply as antitumoral drugs.

NITRIC ACID, HNO3, a colourless liquid with a sharp suffocating odor; firmness of 1,513 g / sm3, tïë-41,59 °C, têèï 82,6 °C. With water it is admixed throughout. In an industry receive catalytic oxidation of ammonia. Apply to obtaining fertilizers, nitrate celluloses, dyes, sulfuric acid, for etching metals and semiconductive materials, as an oxidant of a propellant, a component of "nitrosulphuric acid" (with sulfuric acid). Salt also nitric ethers - nitrates.

NITRIC INDUSTRY AND PRODUCTS of ORGANIC SYNTHESIS the INSTITUTE State (GIAP), is based in 1931 in Moscow. Probes on chemistry and technologies of nitrogen-bearing fertilizers, ammonia, a nitric acid, caprolactam, monomers for manufacture of polymeric materials, in range of hydrogenous energetics, etc.

NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS, the inorganic substances keeping nitrogen and used as a source of a nitrogen nutrition of plants. Nitrogenous fertilizers section on ammoniac (an ammonium a sulphate, an ammonium chloride, etc.), ammoniacal - nitrate (an ammonium nitrate, etc.), nitrate (sodium nitre, nitrate of lime and potassium nitrate) and amide (a urea, etc.). Nitrogenous fertilizers are effective on miscellaneous soils under different agricultural crops, especially in the Non-chernozem zone and in areas of an irrigation farming. Misapplication of nitrogenous fertilizers promotes accumulation of exuberant quantity of nitrates in agricultural production (fruits, vegetables).

AZOTOBACTER, stem of free living nitrogen-fixing aerobic bacteria. 4 kinds{views}, primarily in cultivated soils of different zones. Produce a number{series} of vitamins, antibiotics. From an azotobacter plot fertilizer - an azotobacterin.

AZOTOLS, arilamidy of some the aromatic acids, having affinity to cellulose fibers. Intermediates for obtaining azo dyes at t. n. Azoic dyeing.

AZOTFIXATION, binding of molecular nitrogen of an atmosphere and his{its} transfer{translation} in nitrogen compounds. The biological azotfixation implements the nodule bacteria living in symbiosis with higher plants (a symbiotic azotfixation), and also free living nitrogen fixers - an azotobacter, blue-green algae, spirillas, enterobakterijami, mycobacteria (not symbiotic azotfixation). The azotfixation plays the important role in a nitrogen cycle in a nature and soil enrichment and water reservoirs a bound nitrogen (the symbiotic azotfixation can annually dress 1 ga with soils on 200-300 kg of nitrogen, not symbiotic - on 15-30 kg). In an industry the azotfixation descends at synthesis of ammonia from gaseous H2 and N2 in conditions concerning a heat and pressure. The capability of an azotfixation is exhibited at ambient temperature and an atmospheric pressure under action of complexes of transition metals.

AZULENE, blue crystals, tïë 99 °C. It is contained in some essential oils, napr., camomiles, sage-brushes. Has anti-inflammatory action. Is part of tooth pastes, cosmetic flints.

AZURITE (from frants. azur - a glazing, blueing) (copper blue), a mineral of a class of carbonates, Cu2Cu [CO3] 2 (OH) 2. Deep blue, in groundy masses light-blue (a copper blue stain). Hardness 3,5-4,0; firmness of 3,8 g / sm3. It will be derivated in oxidation zones of deposits of copper. Copper ore, raw material for paints.

AZHAR (al-Azhar, al-Dzhami al-Azhar), a complex of Muslim religious and society higher educational establishments and research establishments in Cairo; actuates Academy islamovedenija, university al-Azhar with faculties of the Moslem law, engineering, agricultural, medical, etc. It is based in 10 century at a like mosque.

AZYHSKAJA the CAVE, parking ashelskoj crops (area Gadrutsky of Azerbaijan). Residues of home units, stone instruments; a sanctuary{holy place} - a hiding place with skulls of cave bears, a fragment of a maxilla of the fossil person (azyhantrop).

AID (Hades, Pluto), in the Grecian mythology the god of the underground world and a kingdom dead; Aid - also a kingdom dead.

AIJAL (Ajzaul), city in India, an administrative centre pieces. Mizoram. 154 thousand inhabitants (1991). Handicraft industries.

AIJANAR, tamilskoe the godhood of agriculture; it is figured routinely sitting on a horse.

AIL, 1) for Mongolian peoples nomadic family group. 2) In Kirghizia a village administrative and territorial unit.

AIO Fivaidsky (4 or 5 century), the Christian man of faith. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on Saturday cheese.

SWEETFLAG, stem of perennial grasses of a set aronnikovyh. 2 kinds{views}, in extratropical ranges of Boreal hemisphere, blossom from the beginning of summer{years} till the autumn. A rootstock (calamus - root) keeping an essential oil, etc. substances, apply in medicine (to improvement of digestion and as tonic), in perfumery, a confectionery industry.

AIRMED, in irish mythology the goddess of practice of medicine, the daughter of god - healer Diana Kehta. With the help of a holy well returned life and forces to soldiers during battle with fomorami.

AISTOOBRAZNYE, the same, that long-legged.

STORKS, set of birds of order long-legged. 18 kinds{views}, are distributed widely. Dwell{live} in places, affluent water; nests on trees, roofs{covers}. In Palearktike 3 kinds{views}: white (length up to 110 sm), black and Far East. 2 last are guarded.

AITA, in etrusskoj mythologies htonicheskoe the godhood, identified with Grecian Aidom.

AIFAL (Antillag) Arbelsky (Persian) (mind{wit}. 380), the martyr, the deacon in Naessone (in Persia); has suffered in persecution SHapura II. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on September, 1 (14) and on November, 3 (16). AJ, the river on JUzh. Ural, the left-handed in-leak{influx} of Ufa. 549 kms, the area of basin of 15 thousand êì2. Average discharge of water ok. 80 m3 / with. A drainage zaregulirovan. On r. Aj-. The Chrysostom.

AJ CIN (r. 1910), the Chinese poet. A poem " To the sun " (1938), collections "North" (1939), " the Message about a dawn " (1943), "Spring" (1956), etc. - about Rhodinum and socialist construction. The collection " the Ode of recurring " (1980). The book " About poetry " (1940).

AJBEK (an ice-film. Name Musa Tashmuhamedov) (1904/05-68), the Uzbek writer, the national writer of Uzbekistan (1965), academician AN of Uzbekistan (1943). Novels " Sacred blood " (1943) about events of 1-st world war, "Navoi" (1945), the autobiographical story "Childhood" (1962), verses. The state premium of the USSR (1946).

QUINCE, stem of trees and bushes of a set pink, a fruit crop. 1 kind{view} - a quince dace. Cultivate in Europe, the Sowing. To America, the Sowing. To Africa, Vost. And Compare. Asia. From fruits (40-100 kg from a tree) - jam, etc.

AJVAN, ejvan (persian)., ivan, Lebanon, 1) in the Central Asian home units, mosques, etc. - terrace with flat cover{coating} on columns or piles. 2) the Domical hall discovered on the part of an aula (receiving{acceptance} halls in palaces Parfii and sasanidskogo Iran, in mosques and palaces medieval Compare. Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, etc.).

AJVASEDAPUR, the river in Zap. Siberia, dextral component r. Pur. It will be derivated by interflow rr. Erkalnadejpur and Etypur. Length from headstream Erkalnadejpura of 601 kms, the area of basin of 26,1 thousand êì2.

AJVZ (Ives) CHarlz (1874-1954), the American composer. One of founders of the modern American music. 5 concordances, kamerno-tool{kamerno-instrument} products{creations}, songs.

AJGI Gennady Nikolaevich (r. 1934), the Russian poet, a translator. Writes also in the Chuvash tongue. In poetry (collections " the Name of fathers ", 1958, " Verses 1954 - 1971 ", 1975, " Noted winter ", 1982, 2 last are published abroad), affecting French poetic crop, philosophy of existentialism and Russian religious idea, communication{connection} of the person, sometimes excruciating, with irrational depths of life is uncovered. The anthology " Poets of France XV - XX centuries " (1968, in the Chuvash tongue).

AJGUNSKY the AGREEMENT, between Russia and China (it is signed 28.5.1858. Ajgun), established{set} border{limit} across Amur. Thus, Russia the terrain, ottorgnutaja tsinskim government on Nerchinskomu to agreement 1689 returned. Float on rr. Amur, Sungari and Ussuri was authorized to only Russian and Chinese courts.

IDAHO (Idaho), staff in the west the USA. 216 thousand êì2. The population 1,1 million person (1992). Adm. ts. - Boise.

AJDIT (Aidit) Dipa Nusantara (1923-65), the chairman of a Central Committee of Communist Party of Indonesia (KPI) in 1959-65 (in 1954-59 secretary general of a Central Committee). After rout of anti-government mutiny on September, 30 1965 has been killed.

AJDUKEVICH (Ajdukiewicz) Kazimezh (1890-1963), Polish logik and the philosopher. Belonged to the lvovsko-Warsaw school in logic. Has developed the semantic theory of tongue. Activities on philosophical interpreting logic.

AJE-AJE, a stem poluobezjan; the same, that rukonozhka.

AJER (Ayer) Alfred Dzhuls (r. 1910), the English philosopher, the representative neopozitivizma. Propagandized ideas Austrian a mug; the tendency to linguistic philosophy is characteristic for serotinal{late} activities.

EISENACH, city in Germany, see. Ejzenah.

AJZENBERG Grigory Zaharovich (1904-94), the Russian scientist, the expert in range of the theory and technique of antennas for radio communication, Dr.Sci.Tech. (1946), the honored worker of science and technique of RSFSR (1965). Under guiding Ajzenberga all domestic broadcasting and cohesive apparatuses, including for SV, DV and KV ranges are developed almost. The state premium of the USSR (1947, 1984). The lenin premium (1957).

AJZENHJUTTENSHTADT (Ejzenhjuttenshtadt) (Eisenhuttenstadt), city in Germany, ground Brandenburg. 50 thousand inhabitants (1988). A port on the channel Oder - SHpre. Integrated iron-and-steel works " East wind ", shipbuilding.

AJZENSHTEJN Seeds Moiseevich (1884-1962), Russian radio engineerings, one of pioneers of a domestic radio telegraphy. In 1907 has based and has headed the Society of wireless telegraphs and earphones where has developed civil-engineering designs of radio stations in Moscow and Tsarskoe Selo, in 1914-17 has created the first domestic electron tubes and radio equipment. In 1912-14 emitted the first Russian radio log-book " the Bulletin of telegraphy without wires ". With 1922 - in England.

AJZERMAN Mark Aronovich (1913-92), the Russian scientist in range of control theory, Dr.Sci.Tech. (1947). The honored worker of science and technique of Russia (1965). Transactionses under the theory of automatic regulation and the theory of differential equations. Under his{its} guiding the comprehensive system of elements of industrial pneumoautomatics is built. The lenin premium (1964).

AJZKRAUKLE (Aizkraukle) (up to 1990 Stuchka), city (with 1967) in Latvia, on r. Daugava, bliz. zh.-d. An item. Ajzkraukle. 10,3 thousand inhabitants (1990). Pljavinskaja a river plant. Factories: telephone apparatuses, an asphaltic concrete.

AJZMAN David Jakovlevich (1869-1922), the Russian writer, the playwright. Stories and stories from life of the jewish poor (many of them were typed in collections of company " Knowledge "). In tragedy " the Thorny bush " (1907; in Russia it is published in 1920) the romantic pathetics of revolutionary extirpation combines{blends} with a stylization of biblical motives. Modernist winnowings in stories " the White novel ", " the Black novel " (both 1908).

AJZPUTE (Aizpute) (up to 1917 official title Gazenpot), city in Latvia, on r. Tebra. 6,3 thousand inhabitants (1990). Manufacture of hardware, the alimentary enterprises. Has arisen in 1248.

"AJKAP" ("Mirror"), the Kazakh political and literary - critical log-book. It was emitted in 1911-15 (88 numbers) to Troitsk, nowadays by the Chelyabinsk region.

AJ-KJU, see. Quotient of intellectuality.

AILANTHUS, stem of deciduous trees of a set simarubovyh. Ok. 10 kinds{views}, in JUzh. And Vost. Asia and in a north of Australia. An ailanthus highest (Chinese ash) cultivate in the south of Europe, on Caucasus and in Compare. Asia. In China on leaves of an ailanthus cultivate an ailanthus worm. Medicinal and ornamental plants. Wood use in construction, for hand-made articles, manufacturing of a paper.