AMINO ASIDS, a class of the organic compounds keeping carboxylic (-COOH) and amino groups (-NH2); have properties and acids, and the groundings. Participate in an exchange of nitrogenous substances of all organisms (mother compound at a biosynthesis of hormones, vitamins, mediators, pigments, purine and pirimidinovyh the groundings, alkaloids, etc.). Natural amino asids over 150. Ok. 20 major aminikislot minister monomer units from which all proteins (an order of connection of amino asids in them are constructed is determined by a genetic code). The majority of microorganisms and plants synthesize amino asids necessary for them; animal and the person are not capable to education t. n. The essential amino asids received with nutrition. Industrial synthesis (chemical and microbialogic) of some the amino asids used for enrichment of nutrition, forages, as raw products for manufacture of polyamides, dyes and medicinal preparations is run in.

AMINOPEPTIDAZY, ferments of a class of the hydrolases, catalyzing hydrolytic decomposition of polypeptides on the part of loose amino group (compare. Carboxypeptidases). Finish a proteopepsis in an intestines.

AMINIPLASTICS (the urea-formaldehyde plastics), plastics materials on the basis{fundamentals} mochevino-or melamino-formaldehyde resins. From aminiplastics - granular molding compounds produce, napr., bodies of television receivers, from laminated plastics - an encasing of furniture, etc.

AMINOSUGAR, simple Saccharum, keeping amino group. In a nature are most distributed a glucosamine (in structure of polysaccharides of cell walls, a chitine) and galaktozamin (in structure of polysaccharide of cartilages).

HYDROXY AMINES, the organic compounds keeping in a molecule one or several amino-and hydroxyl (alcohol) groups; see, napr., colamines.

AMINOTRANSFERAZY (transaminases), ferments of a class of transferases, it is reversible{convertible} catalyzing transmission of amino groups from amino asids on ketonic acids. Catalyzed aminotransferazami reactions of transamination communicate between proteinaceous and a carbohydrate metabolism in living organisms.

AMINOPHENOLS, the aromatic compounds keeping in a molecule amino group and a hydroxyl group; colourless crystals: ortho - aminophenols (tïë 174 °C), meta-aminophenols (tïë 123 °C), rodinals (tïë 190 °C). Are applied in manufacture of dyes and as showing substances in a photo. See also Rodinal.

AMINES, organic compounds, substitution products of atoms of hydrogen in ammonia NH3 organic radicals R: primary RNH2, secondary R2NH, tertiary R3N (R, napr., CH3, C2H5, C6H5). The amines keeping in a molecule 2, 3, 4 and more NH2-groups, call accordingly di-, three, a tetra and Polyaminums; amines with one NH2-group sometimes call as monoamines. Aliphatic amines receive routinely an alkylation of ammonia, arylamines - restoration of nitro compounds. Are applied in manufacture of dyes, explosive and medicinal substances, polymers. Amines and their derivative are distributed in a nature (napr., alkaloids, amino asids).

The AMEN (grech. amen, from other - evr. - yes there will be correctly, truly), a traditional concluding remarks of prays and sermons in christianity and a judaism.

AMIOTROFICHESKY the LATERAL SCLEROSIS, chronic progressing organic disease of central nervous system, presumably virus nature: a defeat of propulsion neurones of a spinal cord, a trunk and a cerebral cortex with an atrophy of muscles, paresises, paralysises.

AMIR HAMZAH (Amir Hamzah) (1911-46), the Indonesian poet. In collections " Quiet songs " (1937), " Fruits of melancholy " (1941) influence sufizma. Has transferred{translated} old indian poem "Bhagavadgita".

AMIR HOSROV DEHLEVI (1253-1325), the indian poet, the scientist, the musician. The turki by origin. Wrote on persian, a urda and a Hindi tongues. 5 lyrical sofas: " Gift of a youth " (1272), " the Completeness of perfection{efficiency} " (1293), etc., 5 poems ("Anchovy"). Literaturovedcheskie and historical transactionses.

AMIRALD (Amiro) (Amyraldus, Amyraut) Moiz (1596-1664), French reformatsky the seminary student, the professor in Somjure. In the composition " the Tract about predetermining " shadowed idea of salvage of all believers. The composition " Christian moral " (1652-60).

AMIRANASHVILI Medea Petrovna (r. 1930), the Georgian singer (soprano), the national actress of the USSR (1976). Daughter P.V.Amiranashvili. With 1954 at the Georgian theatre of opera and ballet. The professor of the Tbilisi conservatory (with 1982).

AMIRANASHVILI Peter Varlamovich (1907-76), the Georgian singer (baritone), the national actor of the USSR (1950). With 1930 at the Georgian theatre of opera and ballet. The state premium of the USSR (1947).

AMIRANASHVILI SHalva JAsonovich (1899-1975), the historian of the Georgian and Iranian art, corresponding member AN the USSR (1943), academician AN of Georgia (1955). The director of the Museum of arts of Georgia in Tbilisi (with 1939).

AMIRANI (the child of the sun), the hero of the national epos of ancient Georgia "Amiraniani". The myth about Amirani rodstven to the myth about Prometee.

AMIRANTE ISLANDS (Amirantes Islands), archipelago of coral islands (ok. 150) in Indian ok. 85 êì2. Of the state Seychelles are part.

AMIRASLANOV Ali Agamaly ogly (1900-62), the geologist, corresponding member AN the USSR (1953). Transactionses on geology of deposits of non-ferrous metals of Ural, Kazakhstan, Transbaikalia and Compare. Asia.

AMIRDOVLAT Amasnatsi (1420 or 1425-96), the Armenian doctor. The writer of transactionses " Favour of medicine " (1469), keeping anatomic, physiological, hygienic cramps and the description of the diseases known for medieval medicine, and " Waste for neuchej " (1482), in which it is described (in 6 tongues in the alphabet) ok. 3000 pharmaceuticals.

AMIROV Fikret Meshadi Dzhamil ogly (1922-84), the Azerbaijan composer, the national actor of the USSR (1965), corresponding member AN of Azerbaijan (1980), the Hero Socialist Transactionses (1982). Opera " Ñåâèëü " (1953), ballet " One thousand and one night ". (1979), symphonic music (mugamy "Schur", "Kjurdovshary", 1948), concerts for a piano with an orchestra, etc. The State premium of the USSR (1949, 1980).

AMIRHAN Fatih Zarifovich (1886-1926), the tatar writer, the publicist - educator. The founder of the newspaper "Ale - islah" ("Reform", 1907-09). The story " the Tatar girl " (1909), stories.

AMIRHANOV Habibulla Ibragimovich (1907-86), Azerbaijan physics, academician AN of Azerbaijan (1949), corresponding member AN the USSR (1970). Transactionses on thermal properties of substances, physical properties of semiconductors and semiconductor elements.

AMIREDZHIBI CHabua (Mzechabuk) Iraklievich (r. 1921), the Georgian writer. Roman " Date Tutashhia " (kn. 1-2, 1972-75; the script of film of "Coast", 1980, the State premium of the USSR, 1981).

AMITABHA (sanskr. Nonmeasurable light), budda, control paradise grounds Sukhavati; under a name of the Amide it was especially honored in Japan.

AMITAJUS (sanskr. Nonmeasurable life), budda - the promoter of longevity; it was especially honored in Tibet, China and Mongolia.

The AMICI (Amici) Giovanni Battista (1786-1863), italian botanik and optician. First has described motion of a protoplasm in a plant cell and a pollen tube (1823). Has invented an immersion objective of a microscope (1827).

AMICHIS (Amicis) Edmondo de, see De Amichis Edmondo.

AMMAN, capital of Jordan. 1,2 million inhabitants (1990). An international airport. Cement, oil refining, textile, a tobacco industry. University. Archeologic and Islamic museums. In an antiquity it is known as Rabbat-Ammon, in ellinisticheski-Roman epoch - Philadelphia. In 1921 has become capital emirata Transjordan. With 1946 capital of independent Jordan. Ruins of Roman and Arabian constructions.

AMMI, a stem of biennial grasses of a set umbrella. Ok. 10 kinds{views}, predominary in the Mediterranean; 1 kind{view} - ammi dental - on Caucasus. This kind{view} and ammi major cultivate for obtaining the medicinal preparation having spasmolytic action.

AMMONIA (from grech. hals ammoniakos - muriate of ammonia), NH3, colourless gas with a sharp suffocating odor; firmness of 0,681 g / sm3 (-33,35 °S), tïë-77,7 °S, têèï-33,35 °S; at pressure 0,9 MPa it is liquefied{condensed} at ambient temperature. We shall well dissolve in water; a water solution - spirit of ammonia. Receive catalytic synthesis from nitrogen and hydrogen under pressure. Apply in manufacture of a nitric acid and fertilizers (4/5 made ammonia), ammonievyh salts, formonitrile, soda. A luquid ammonia - a cooling agent, vysokokontsentrirovannoe fertilizer. It is explosion-hazard. It is toxic.

AMMONIA SOLUTIONS, 1) complexes (metallamines), addition products of ammonia to salts, napr. [Cu (NH3) 4] Cl2. Apply in an analytical chemistry (many ammonia solutions are painted{pigmented}), to division of metals. 2) Fluid nitrogenous fertilizers for miscellaneous soils under different agricultural crops (water solutions of a urea, an ammonium nitrate, saturated NH3).

AMMIAN MARTSELLIN (Ammianus Marcellinus) (ok. 330 - ok. 400), the Roman historian. The writer of the "Particular acts" circumscribing events (wars, palace intrigues, etc.) from board of emperor Nerves (kon. 1 century) up to 378. From 31 books have reached 14-31-n (the season{term} with 353 on 378).

AMMONIUM NITRATE (ammonievaja saltpeter, nitrate of an ammonium), NH4NO3, colourless hygroscopic readily soluble crystals in water, tïë 169,6 °S. A component (oxidant) of many industrial blasting explosives (ammonites, ammonals, etc.); nitrogenous fertilizer (ok. 34 % N).

It AMMONIACAL - SELITRENNYE BLASTING EXPLOSIVES, a class (aquanites, aquatrinitrotoluenes, ammonals, ammonites, granulity, detonity, etc.), which main{basic} constituent part - an ammonium nitrate. Can contain nitro compounds, combustible materials, inactive fillers. Are hygroscopic, inclined to a sealing.

AMMONALS, group ammoniacal - selitrennyh the blasting explosives keeping nitro compounds and an aluminium bronze. Heat of explosion of 5,1-5,9 MDZH/KG, are water-resistant. Are applied in shafts, harmless on gas and a dust.

AMMONIEVAJA SALTPETER, the same, that an ammonium nitrate.

AMMONIATION, machining of a drinking water by ammonia some secs prior to a chlorination for maintenance more the long-lived disinfecting effect and an avoidance of education hlororganicheskih the connections attaching to water a unpleasant odor and tang.

AMMONIATION of FORAGES, machining of forages (a silage, a press, straw, etc.) ammonia or his{its} derivative for enrichment by their nitrogen.

AMMONIUM, NH4 +, singly charged cation. Is part some nitrate of ammonium NH4NO3, an ammonium sulphate. (NH4) 2SO4, etc. salts of an ammonium.

AMMONIUM Alexandria (3 century), the Christian writer, has constituted "Diatessaron" - gospel harmony.

AMMONIUM (Ammany) Nikomidijsky (mind{wit}. 305 or 311), the Christian martyr, the adolescent damaged in persecution of emperor Maksimiana; pupil Vavily Nikomidijskogo. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on September, 4 (17).

AMMONITES, group ammoniacal - selitrennyh the blasting explosives keeping nitro compounds; sometimes nitrate esters and salt - flame arresters. Heat of explosion of 3,4-5,5 MDZH/KG. Are hygroscopic, inclined to a sealing, are insensitive to impact, abrasion and fire. Are applied in underground workings, harmless on gas and a dust, and above ground.

AMMONITES, subclass (or superorder) extinct marine Cephalopoda of mollusks. Are known from Devonian up to a chalk inclusively; have been eurysynusic. A diameter of a shell from several centimeters up to 2 m. Ok. 1500 kinds{views}, fast smenjavshih one another in time, in this connection ammonites - the important group of managing minerals.

AMMONIUM NITRATE, the same, that an ammonium nitrate.

AMMONIUM PEROKSOSULFAT (an ammonium persulphate), (NH4) 2S2O8, colourless crystals. Well solves in water. The strong oxidant, at the presence of a moisture secretes oxygen and ozone. The initiator of a polymerization, a means for potching and disinfections, a reactant in a photo and an analytical chemistry.

AMMONIUM PERSULPHATE, the same, that an ammonium peroksosulfat.

AMMONIUM the SULPHATE, (NH4) 2SO4, colourless crystals. Well solves in water. Apply as fertilizer, in manufacture of a viscose rayon.