ADAMANTAN (from grech. adamas, a stem. Item adamantos - diamond), colourless crystals with a camphor odor. The structure of a molecule is similar to structure of diamond. Adamantan has anomalously high (for hydrocarbon) melting point (269 °S). Derivative and homologues adamantana - pharmaceuticals, lubrications, etc.

HADAMARD (Hadamard) Jacque (1865-1963), the French mathematician, foreign honorary member AN the USSR (1929). Transactionses on differentiated equations, function theories, number theories, mechanics.

ADAMAUA-EASTERN TONGUES, podsemja nigero-kongolezskih tongues.

ADAMISHIN Anatoly Leonidovich (r. 1934), the Russian diplomat. In 1978-86 Ministries of Foreign Affairs of the USSR managing by an european department. In 1986-90 deputy minister of foreign businesses of the USSR. In 1990-92 salting in Italy. In 1992-95 chief deputy of Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.

ADAMS (Adamov) Artjur (1908-70), the French playwright. Early verses in a manner of surrealism. In spirit avangardistskogo theatre of the play "Parody" (it is issued 1950), "Encroachment" (1950). The tragedy " Spring 71 years " (1961) poeticizes bravery Parisian kommunarov. The book of speculations about dramatic art and theatre " Here and now " (1964), satirical plays (" Sacred Europe ", 1966, etc.), the book of memories " the Person and the child " (1968).

ADAMS Ã. (an ice-film. A name and fam. Grigory Borisovich Gibs) (1886-1945), the Russian writer. Sci-fi novels " Winners of entrails " (1937), " Secret of two oceans " (1939), etc.

ADAMOVA Eugeny Mihajlovna (1912/13-1991), the Russian painter, national artist Turkmenii (1964). The theme patterns dedicated life of Turkmen people (" I shall study All the same! ", 1957; " Turkmen mothers - Rhodinum ", 1967), portraits.

ADAMOVICH Alexander (Alesyas) Mihajlovich (1927-94), the Byelorussian and Russian writer, corresponding member AN of Belarus (1980). The novel - dilogija "Guerrillas" (hours 1 - 2, 1960-63), stories " Hatynskaja the story " (1972), " I from igneous village " (1977; together with J.Brylem and V.Kolesnikom), "Punishers" (1980), " Blokadnaja the book " (1977-81; together with D.Graninym), anti-war lyrico-dramatic story - admonition " the Last pastoral " (1987); literaturovedcheskie activities, publicism.

ADAMOVICH George Viktorovich (1892-1972), the Russian poet, the critic. In 1923 has emigrated to France. The attenuatous - passionless perception of dull flow of life (poetichskie collections "Purgatory", 1922, " In the west ", 1939) is finished by consiliating finding of "light" (the collection "Unity", 1967). In collections of critiques (" Loneliness and freedom ", 1955; "Commentaries", 1967) - understanding of cultural - historical destiny of the higher generation of Russian emigration (an essay about I.A.Bunin, V.V.Nabokove, I.S.Shmelev, D.S.Merezhkovsky, etc.).

ADAMOVICH Joseph Aleksandrovich (1896-1937), one of chiefs of extirpation for the Soviet authority in Belarus. In 1924-27 chairman SNK BSSR. In conditions{situation} of mass reprisals has committed suicide.

ADAMOVICH-IODKO Nikolay Vladimirovich (r. 1915), the Russian pilot - verifier. Has conducted comprehensive tests of an airplane of Ac - 7. Probes in range of air ergonomics, automatic guidance systems.

ADAMOVO the TREE, the same, that a paulownia.

ADAMS (Edams) (Adams) Bryan (r. 1959), the canadian singer, the composer, the guitar player. The writer numerous is hit. The album " Into The Fire " (1987) has been sold by circulation from above 1 million copy. The participant of charitable shares of fates - musicians. In nach. 1990th has written music to film " Robin Gud ", a song to film " Three musketeers " (1993).

ADAMS (Adams) a Henry the Brooks (1838-1918), the American writer, the historian. In the novel "Democracy" (1880) - criticism of " gold-bronzed eyelid " from items of Puritanism. Literary - aesthetic probe of medieval France (" the Mountain Sen-Michel and SHartr ", 1904). In the autobiographical book " Education of a Henry of Adams " (1907) - kulturologicheskoe understanding of the introduction the USA in 20 century.

ADAMS Dzhon (1735-1826), 2-nd president the USA in 1797-1801, the participant of a war for independence in the Sowing. To America 1775-83.

ADAMS Dzhon Bertram (1920-84), English physics, foreign member AN the USSR (1982). Transactionses on particle accelerators of super-high powers.

ADAMS Dzhon Kauch (1819-92), the English astronomer, foreign corresponding member Petersburg AN (1864). Transactionses on a gravitational astronomy. Probeed a secular acceleration of moon. Separately and up to U.Leverje has calculated an orbit and coordinates of a planet Neptune (1845).

ADAMS Dzhon Kuinsi (1767-1848), 6-th president the USA in 1825-29. Son Dzh. Adams. In 1809-14 first envoy the USA in Russia. In 1817-24 state secretary, one of writers of Monroe of the doctrine (1823).

ADAMS (Adams) Rodzher (1889-1971), American chemists - organics. The main{basic} transactionses on organic synthesis and chemistry of physiologically active connections. Has created in 1923 the catalyst called as his{its} name for hydrogenation of non-saturated organic compounds. Has offered a method of obtaining of an adamsite.

ADAMS Semjuel (1722-1803), one of organizers of liberation extirpation of the English colonys in the Sowing. To America. The chief of organization " Syny freedom ". Has based Correspondent committee in Boston - a pre-image of an aboriginal revolutionary power.

ADAMS Uolter Sidni (1876-1956), the American astronomer. Transactionses on spectral probe of asters and the Suns. One of writers of a method of definition of paralaxes of asters on their spectrums (1914).

ADAMSITE, yellow crystals, tïë 195 °S. It is offered at the end of 1-st world war as a poisonous substance irritant the upper wind - pipes.

ADAMSON (Adamson) Amandus (1855-1929), the Estonian sculptor. A monument to the armadillo "Mermaid" in Thalline (1902), realistic national modes{images} (" the Fisherman from an island the Fly ", 1892).

ADAMSON Dzhoj (1910-80), the naturalist, the writer, the artist. Was born in Austria. With 1938 vein in Africa (Kenya). Popular books about a nature and fauna of Africa (" Born loose ", " the Spotty sphynx "). The active figure in range of guarding{preservation} of wildings. It is killed by poachers.

ADAMSON (Adamson-Eric, Adamson-Eric) Eric (Erih) (1902-68), the Estonian painter, the master of an ornamental art. Landscapes, still-lifes, portraits ("Father", 1930-32); in tissues, leather and jewels developed the Estonian national traditions.

ADAMSTOWN (Adamstown), an administrative centre and a unique occupied point about. Pitkern, possession of the Great Britain in a southeast part Quiet ok. Ok. 100 chel.

ADAMJUK Emilian Valentievich (1839-1906), one of founders of an ophthalmology in Russia. Transactionses on a glaucoma, a trachoma, etc.

ADAMJAN the Hole (an ice-film. fam. And name Adamova Eleonora Georgievna) (r. 1910), the Russian writer. In stories, stories (" the Nil three ", 1961; the collection " to Troy under one roof{cover} ", 1981), the novel (" the Second wife ", 1966) - the modern moral problems.

ADAMJAN Petros Ieronimovich (1849-91), the Armenian actor. On the scene with 1866. In 1879-88 acted to Tbilisi, Baku, SHushe, etc. One of the largest tragedians. Among roles: Hamlet, Otello ("Hamlet", "Otello" U.Shakespeare), Mikael (" One more victim " G.M.Sundukjana).

ADANT (Adam) Adolf (1803-56), the French composer. Ballets "ZHizel" (1841), affirmed a romantic direction in the French ballet, "Corsair" (1856), operas, etc.

ADANT (Adana) (Seyhan), city in the south of Turkey, an administrative centre ilja an Adant. 916 thousand inhabitants (1990). A machine industry; textile, flavoring, wood-working, a cement industry. University. Shopping center of area of a cotton growing.

ADANGME (the self-title - adangbe, dangmeli), people in Ghana. Number of 700 thousand person (1992). Tongue adangme. Hold on to traditional convictions, there are protesters and roman catholics.

ADANSON (Adanson) Michel (1727-1806), French botanik. Probeed tropical Africa. In transactionses " Sets of plants " (1763) has offered their natural system and for the first time has applied mathematical methods in a taxonomist of plants.

ADAPAZARI (Adapazari), city in Turkey, an administrative centre ilja Sakarja. 171 thousand inhabitants (1990). A machine industry, alimentary, chemical, glass, a woodworking industry.

ADAPTATION SYNDROME (general adaptation syndrome), set{combination} of defense reactions of an organism of the person or animal (predominary endocrine system) at a stress. In an adaptation syndrome distinguish alert phases (mobilization of phylactic powers), resistances (the adaptation to a refractory situation), an exhausting (at the strong and long-lived stress can conclude mors). Concepts of an adaptation syndrome and a stress are pushed by G.Selje.

ADAPTATION (from medieval an armour. adaptatio - the adaptation), in biology - set{combination} morfofiziologicheskih, behavioral, population, etc. features of the biological species, an ensuring capability of a specific mode of life of individuals in certain conditions of an environment. Process of a yield of adaptations calls as adaptation also. In physiology and medicine means also process of habituation.

ADAPTATION social, process of interaction of the personality or social group with medium social; actuates mastering norms{standards} and values of medium in process sotsializatsii, and also change, transformation{conversion} of medium according to new conditions and the purposes of activity.

The ADAPTER (from an armour. adapto - prisposobljaju), in technique - 1) a coupling arrangement, an adapter connector. 2) the Additive cartridge to the camera, permitting to apply not foreseen his{its} design light-sensitive mediums of other formats and phylums. 3) the Device for installation on the camera of accessory lenses with the nonstandard rim. 4) the Same, that a sound pickup.

ADAPTIVE SYSTEM, the same, that samoprisposablivajushchajasja system.

The ADAPTED TEXT, the alleviated text literary and art, etc. products{creations}, fitted for insufficiently prepared readers or children; it is applied more often at study of foreign languages.

The ADAT (the arab. - custom), for some Muslim peoples the customary law.

ADASHEV Alexey Fedorovich (? - 1561), okolnichy, the member Selected rads. Brother D.F.Adasheva. With kon. 40th supervised over eastern Russian policy, with it is grey. 50th - all diplomacy. The initiator of reforms is grey. 16 century, ukrepljavshih a central authority. Headed drawing up of digit books and annals. With 1560 in an opal.

ADASHEV Daniel Fedorovich (? - ok. 1563), okolnichy. Brother A.F.Adasheva. The participant of the Kazan marchings and Livonskoj wars. In 1559 first voevoda in the Crimean marching. With 1560 in an opal. It is executed.

ADASHEVSKY Konstantin Ignatjevich (1897-1987), the Russian actor, the national actor of the USSR (1985). With 1925 at the Leningrad theatre of a drama him{it}. Pushkin. The state premium of the USSR (1951).

ADVAJTA-VEDANTA (vedanta nedvojstvennosti), indian religious - philosophical doctrine, one of the main{basic} versions vedanty, developed SHankaroj (8-9 centuries); occurrence{appearance} of this doctrine contacts a name of wise man Gaudapady (5 century). Asserts{approves} nerazdvoennost the main{basic} spiritual beginning (brahmana-atmana), his{its} unique reality and illusiveness of the empirical world (majja).

ADVECTION (from an armour. advectio - delivery), horizontal conveyance of air from one areas of the Earth in other. Compare. A convection.

ADVENTITIOUS PLANTS, the same, that prishlye plants.